798 Glaciers of the Pindur and Kuphinee Rivers. [Aug. 



remain nearly perpendicular to the general current of ice. The transi- 

 tion to the regular level ice is very sudden, and begins much higher up 

 on the west, than on the east side ; the sudden change of direction in 

 the Glacier round the point, A, evidently producing much the same 

 sort of effect in breaking the current of ice and giving it a smooth 

 surface, as would have been observed under similar circumstances in 

 running water. Near the foot of this ice fall, (beyond which I did not 

 ascend the Glacier,) the steps were observed to be in the form given in 

 Fig. 5, having their tops considerably overhanging. A small tribu- 

 tary, also descending in cliffs of ice, joins the main Glacier from a 

 ravine on its east side not far above the point A. Beyond it I was 

 unable to see owing to the sudden bend in the glacier's direc- 

 tion. 



The feeder from the east is formed by the union of two smaller 

 Glaciers, one coming down from the N. E. the other from the S. E. ; 

 the latter is the larger of the two, and descends in ice cliffs to some 

 little distance below the rocky point which intercepted my view of its 

 upper parts. The N. E. tributary is not so steep, its surface as far as 

 I could see being continuous, excepting immediately at its union with 

 the other, where it seems to be a good deal broken up. I did not go 

 on to any of these Glaciers, and describe them as they appeared from 

 the upper parts of the united Glacier. 



Another small tributary Glacier also falls into the main one from the 

 N. W., a short distance below the point A. Its inclination is very 

 great, but it perfectly maintains its continuity of structure to the 

 bottom. 



The lateral moraine of the west side of the northern branch of the 

 glacier is first seen as it turns the point A, where it shows itself as a 

 black band along the edge of the ice, which in other parts of the fall 

 is quite white. The moraine is small between the points A and the 

 tributary glacier below it ; but from this it very rapidly increases, 

 and in its lower parts is a chaos of desolation such as I never saw be- 

 fore. This great addition to the size of the moraine is owing to the 

 quantity of debris brought down by the small glacier, over the lower 

 parts of which stones were constantly rolling on to the upper end of 

 the moraine during the whole time we were near it. "We were thus 

 here enabled to see the actual formation of a moraine. The ice below 



