$02 Glaciers of the Pindur and Kuphinee Rivers. [Aug. 



Many pools of water (the Baignoirs of the Alps) were seen on the 

 surface of the ice ; some of the largest were said by our guides, who are 

 in the habit of visiting the glacier, to be found in the same place every 

 year. The clear surface of the ice everywhere assumes a more or less 

 undulating form, from the action of the water that drains from it as 

 it melts ; and the small streams, into which the drainage collects 

 end, as in the glacier of the Alps, by falling into some of the crevasses. 

 The remains of the last winter's snow was hardly perceptible on any 

 part of the glacier. 



The occurrence of stones standing upon bases of ice (Glacier Tables) 

 above the general surface of the glacier, is common, but all that I saw 

 were small. I also observed what appeared to be imperfect glacier 

 cones, or the remains of them, but these also were small. 



The ice of the glacier coming into direct contact with the cliff 

 below the point A, I was enabled to examine the effect produced upon 

 the rocks ; I found it covered with grooves or scratches, sloping in 

 about the same direction as the surface of the ice at the spot. These 

 grooves extend to 20 or 30 feet above the present level of the glacier. 

 I also observed, that almost everywhere a space was left between the 

 rock and ice, the latter appearing to shrink from contact with the 

 former. This was of course the effect of the heat of the rock melting 

 the ice. I regret that an attempt that I made to measure the actual 

 motion of this glacier proved ineffectual, owing to circumstances which 

 it is not necessary to detail. 



The valley of the Kuphinee, for a mile or two below the end of the 

 glacier, has much the same general character as that of the Pindur, 

 but is more rugged and desolate in appearace. A fine peak of pure snow 

 (probably Nunda Kot, or No. 15) is seen from below the glacier, but is 

 lost sight of behind an intermediate point, on a nearer approach. 



The direction of the glacier (fig. 4) is almost due N. and South, and 

 the whole breadth of the valley, in its upper part, about f mile, is occu- 

 pied by it. It commences about 2 miles above the river source, in*a very 

 precipitous fall of ice. We went up about 200 feet of the lower part of 

 this, much beyond which it would probably have been impossible to 

 ascend owing to the excessive steepness alone. A cliff of ice about 60 

 feet or 70 feet high rose immediately above the point which we reached. 

 The ice was perfect, with the ribbon structure quite visible ; the bands 



