184/.] Glaciers of the Pindar and Kuphinee Rivers. 803 



were very highly inclined, and I think farther apart than in the lower 

 parts of the glacier. The direction of the structural lines was in no 

 degree parallel to the sides of the glacier, but much more nearly per- 

 pendicular to them. The precise contrary of this was observed by Pro- 

 fessor Forbes under apparently similar circumstances, in the glacier 

 du Talefre in the Alps. 



From the foot of the fall, the surface of the glacier was on the whole 

 very even, though its slope downwards was very considerable. It still 

 had remaining on its upper half a good deal of unmelted snow, which 

 was disagreeable to walk over, as it was seldom strong enough to make 

 us indifferent to what was under it. 



The main glacier is joined by two small tributaries on the east, and 

 by one on the west ; all are highly inclined and bring down consider- 

 able quantities of debris. The moraines are altogether confined to the 

 sides of the glacier, though many small stones are scattered over every 

 part of the ice. Here, as in the glacier of the Pindur, the protection 

 given by the moraines to the ice on the sides raises them greatly, and 

 leaves a deep hollow in the middle of the glacier at its end. The 

 crevasses here also are most strongly marked near the sides, and are 

 inclined at an angle of about 45° from the longitudinal axis, down- 

 wards. The structure of the ice is in all respects precisely as was seen 

 in the Pindur Glacier. I am unable to offer any decided opinion as 

 to whether these glaciers have ever varied considerably from their 

 present limits. During the very short period of my visit to these 

 regions, I saw no direct evidence of it. The shepherds who take 

 their flocks to the pastures in the valleys near the glaciers during the 

 summer months, (for there are no fixed habitations within 14 or 15 

 miles of them,) have no idea of any motion in the glacier, but say that 

 they suppose the ends of them to be gradually receding. Their state- 

 ments are however of a very vague nature, and as far as I could judge, 

 are founded on their views of what ought to be rather than of what real- 

 ly is. Some very decided change in the state of things is however cer- 

 tainly indicated by the long plateaus, which I before mentioned, run- 

 ning for a mile or two below the present terminations of both glaciers, 

 nearly parallel to the rivers, but several hundred feet above them. I 

 consider it to be impossible, that these level banks above the rivers 

 have been caused by deposits from the ravines in the sides of the 



