840 On the History and Literature of the Veda. [Aug. 



passage. (The Xndra or the Squdra of the cuneiform inscriptions of 

 Persepolis cannot well be here expected) ; with Lassen we must consider 

 them the 2i/8p<fo°» (or 'o^SpaKai) who appear to the N. W. of the Indus. 

 See also Wilson's Vish. P. p. 195. 



12. The meaning of arana as foreign, distant, is authorized by the 

 passages in the Rik. X. 5, 3, 16. Sa no ama so arane nipatu, she may 

 protect us when near, she may protect us, when distant (in foreign parts, 

 in and out of the house. Durga's Commentary on Nirukta. xi. 46.) Nir. 

 III. 2. parishadyan hy aranasya rekno nityasya raya : pataya ; syama ; 

 " for we must avoid foreign property, may we be lords of perpetual pro- 

 perty" (Durga on Nir. III. 2, where there is the question of possess- 

 ing children,arana-parakulajata. Sayana ad. I. without any reason anrina.) 



14. Lassen has at several places with full certainty assigned to 

 the Gandharas the eastern Kabulistan as their original abode. From 

 Vedic works I can only add, that the wool-clad sheep of the same 

 were famous, according to Rig. I. 18, 6, 7. romasa Gandharinam 

 ivavika, haired (woolly), like a sheep of the Gandharas. In the 

 Aitareya Brahmana VII. 34, there appears Najnajit, the Gandhara, 

 among those who have learnt from Parvata and Narada the knowledge 

 of a certain ritual. From the nation of the Gandharas extending into 

 the Punjaub it can be explained, that one of their princes appears 

 among such as are under the protection of the Brahmanical worship, 

 while the nation in the passage of the Atharva alluded to is counted 

 among the foreign and distant nations. 



As the Anga, also in the poetry of a later period frequently referred 

 to, must be supposed to have had their abodes on the Ganges about 

 Bhagalpur, and the Magadhas in South Behar, we have in v. 14 two 

 and two nations for the two frontiers in N. W. and S. E., consequently 

 at the time of the composition of this hymn, the country of the Brah- 

 manical worship appears to have been comprehended by these two ex- 

 tremes, and the country beyond the river Sona (Sone) to have been 

 considered not Indian . 



Sevadhi has not yet obtained in ancient Sanscrit the meaning 

 of a treasure of Kuvera. Nir. II. 4, it is identified with nidhi, com- 

 pare Rik. Asht. VI, 4, 19 sevadhipa. 



As an example of another kind of incantation the following verses 

 may be considered. Ath Sanh, III. 2. 



