1845.] across the Peninsula of Southern India. 505 



on the hill sides, luxuriant. Few of the trees or shrubs were seeding or 

 flowering, but amid a multitude of others I observed the Tectona gran- 

 dis, Dalbergia latifolia, Pterocarpus Santalinus, Erythrina indica, the 

 Mimosa Xylocarpa, Carissa spinarum, and the Ixora parviflora used for 

 torches. In the plain are seen the Aloe perfoliata, Euphorbia, Cassia 

 auriculata, Ficus indica, Elate sylvestris, Borassus flabelliformis, Melia 

 azadirachta, Tamarindus indica, and the Asclepias gigantea. The prin- 

 cipal articles of cultivation are saffron, indigo, white juari, raggi, 

 rice, castor oil plant. Among the wild animals frequenting the hills 

 are the tiger, leopard, bear, porcupine, wild bear, several varieties of 

 monkeys, and also the Indian land tortoise. 



I returned to my tent about 4 p. m., after being nearly twelve hours 

 on horseback, and twenty-four hours without refreshment. 



Started at three o'clock this morning towards Cuddapah : after about 

 eight miles ride arrived at the Bhuga. This is a sacred spring in a shady 

 Tamarind tope. The Hindus have erected a small Gopar over it, and con- 

 ducted the water from the mouth of a sculptured cow or bull, to be seen at 

 the bottom of the clear pool in which the water collects. In the shade 

 of the tope stands a temple to the tutelar god of the spring, Bhugama 

 Iswara ; hard by are five or six other springs bubbling from the rock, 

 and following into the river close by. The temperature of the two 

 springs, which I tried at sunrise, I found to be the same, viz. 88° ; of 

 the water in the river 72°, and of the atmosphere 65°. The springs 

 are evidently thermal. The cause of their appearance is a fault in 

 the subjacent sandstone strata. They lie about ten miles N. by E. 

 from the Pedda Garhi. The water appears perfectly pure and well 

 tasted. 



Chillumcoor. This village and halting place is about twenty-six miles 

 and a half to the westward of Cuddapah. It comprises about eighty 

 houses, inhabited chiefly by kunbis, or cultivators. There are also a few 

 Brahmans and Mussulmans. It seems to have once been a place of greater 

 importance, and its pagodas have an air of considerable antiquity : they 

 are dedicated to Iswara and Hanuman. Inscriptions on slabs of red 

 sandstone now lying prostrate, do not afford the date of the building 

 of these structures ; but inform us that the temple to Iswara was endowed 

 by Harihara, king of Bijanugger, in 1305 of the Salivahana era, or 



