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Notes, chiefly Geological, across the Peninsula from Mangalore, in Lat. 

 N. 12° 49', by the Bisly Pass to Madras, in Lat. N. 13° 4'. By 

 Captain Newbold, F. R. S., M. N. I., Assistant Commissioner, 

 Kurnool. 



Mangalore, the civil and military head-quarters of South Canara, and 

 a seaport of considerable traffic, stands on the Malabar, or Western 

 coast of India, in Lat. 12° 49' N., Long. 75° 0' E. 



It is situated on a sort of peninsula or tongue of land between two 

 rivers, which unite in its front in an extensive backwater, or lagoon, 

 almost shut out from the sea by a long narrow bank of sand. There 

 was formerly a deep opening on this sandbank by which ships could 

 enter the sheltered waters of the lagoon after being lightened of their 

 cargo ; but its depth has been considerably lessened by the formation 

 of another opening. The Coast patamars and Arabian buggalas can 

 still pass into the lagoon with safety. 



The rivers are navigable for country boats nearly to the foot of the 

 ghauts, and form advantageous channels of commercial communication 

 with the interior. The principal exports are to Surat, Bombay, the 

 ports on the Malabar Coast and Arabia, and consist chiefly of rice, 

 betel-nuts, pepper, cardamoms, cassia, sandal-wood, turmeric, and salt- 

 fish. The chief imports are cloths from Bombay, Surat, Madras, Bellary, 

 Bangalore, and Cuddapah. 



The higher parts of the peninsula present a thick bed of laterite, 

 intersected by small flat-bottomed vallies opening out towards the sea, 

 and flanked by steep hills of laterite. The summits of these hills are 

 usually flat, like those of trap or sandstone, with steeply sloping sides 

 and occasionally precipitous cliffs. In structure the laterite is porous, 

 and sometimes cavernous. Dr. Herklots, in his Account of Mahomedan 

 Customs, describes the sacred shrines of Shaikh Fureed at Cuddry, about 

 two miles from Mangalore, as being situated in a cave in a centre of a 

 perpendicular rock composed of laterite which is said to lead all the 

 way to Hydrabad, 450 miles ! The extent, which cannot be very great, 

 has not yet been ascertained. 



Areola, or Feringhipett . From Mangalore by Cuddry Devasthanum, 

 and Koonoor to Areola, about nine miles, the road lies over laterite, 

 and lateritic gravel. About two miles on the east of Mangalore, on a 



