1849.] valley of Asam and its mountain confines. 199 



The personal pronouns in the genitive case, are used as Possessive 

 Pronouns. 



The Demonstrative Pronouns are, Di, the proximate, and De, 

 the remote. 



The Interrogatives are, Su, Who ? Ga, which ? and Chi what ? 



Of Verbs. 



A word, in Bhotia, expresses an idea, without reference originally to 

 any part of speech ; its grammatical structure being determined wholly 

 by the connection in which it stands. With reference to the Verbs, it 

 may also be remarked, that it is in general, the connection in which 

 they stand which determines them as being active or passive, neuter or 

 causal. There are, however, certain words, which are constantly used 

 as auxiliaries, and which therefore assist in forming the various parts 

 of the verb with which they are conjoined. 



Verbs admit of no terminations expressive of persons or number, these 

 points being generally denoted by the context. 



Not unfrequently, what in English is termed the Substantive verb, 

 is expressed in Bhotia by the reduplication of the final letter of a word, 

 with the addition of the vowel o. Examples : Sum, three ; Sum-mo, 

 there are three. 



Shing, ivood ; Shing-go, it is wood. 

 Nag, black ; Nag-go, it is black. 

 Mad, true ; Mad-do, it is true. 



Verbs which denote an action affecting others, may from their signi- 

 fication be termed Active Verbs. And those that simply denote an 

 action, without requiring an object, may be termed Neuter. 



The Passive voice is formed by constructing the verb with another 

 denoting to do, or to make. The phrase, " thou art beaten by me," 

 would be thus expressed, Ngas khyod dung-par chyed-do, literally, 

 "thou by me a beating done." 



Causal Verbs are formed by the addition of the verb Jug-par (to 

 put, to cause, to make). Thus ; Bri, write ; Bri-jug-par, cause to write. 



Bhotia verbs have nothing in them analogous to conjugation, as ex- 

 emplified in Greek and Sanscrit verbs. Yet as the various modes of 

 expressing the same action, and distinctions of time, are essential to 

 language in general, we shall endeavor to show how they are denoted in 

 this language. 



2 D 



