1849.] Kohistan of the Jullundhur. 407 



other supposition. The streams which flow from the Chumba range 

 appear to have cut their way through many feet of strata, leaving flat 

 terraces at different levels and at corresponding heights on both banks. 

 The surfaces of these terraces are not horizontal but parallel to those of 

 the streams, or the general inclination of the valley. Their formation 

 can only be accounted for by supposing a rising of the land to have 

 taken place at intervals, whilst the work of denudation has been going 

 on incessantly. The upheavals, whether gradual or sudden, must have 

 been intermittent, and long pauses have occurred between each, during 

 which the streams had sufficient time to encroach upon their banks. 

 If the above hypothesis be not adopted we must have recourse to ano- 

 ther, which is not supported by analogy. "We must suppose that when 

 those rivers first began to flow their volumes of water were much greater 

 than they are at present, and that they were from time to time suddenly 

 decreased until they became as small as they are, a supposition totally 

 unsupported by any similar facts, whereas the phenomena of the eleva- 

 tions and subsidences of land are going on at the present day. 



56. Although Kangra was but 14 miles distant, we preferred making 

 two marches of it, and therefore halted at a large village called Nagrota, 

 about nine miles from Bhurwarnah. The road is good, and passes over 

 some low rounded ridges of sandstone and marls. The country is 

 exceedingly pretty, but the whole valley of Kangra is the same. At 

 Nagrota another Government garden was being laid out for the recep- 

 tion of the tea plant : the one at Bhawan had been sown, and the seeds 

 had germinated before I left the district, in the beginning of April last. 

 From what has been said of the geology of this district, the nature of 

 the soils in the several valleys may be easily surmised. In the first 

 place the soil of the Jaswun Dhoon is sandy, with an admixture of clay, 

 mica, and lime, the summits of the two enclosing ranges are also sandy, 

 and mixed up with a large proportion of gravel. The soil of the Joala 

 valley on the other hand is composed of a marly clay, having sand mixed 

 with it in variable proportions. But that of the Kangra valley is the 

 most fertile, and is made up of the debris of the rocks composing the 

 Chumba range, viz. granite, clay-slate, sandstone and marls. During my 

 rambles through the hills I noticed the following kinds of crops, some 

 of which I have not mentioned before, viz. sugarcane, rice, cotton, 

 barley, wheat, tobacco, poppy, linseed, turmeric, ginger, potatoes, sunn, 



3 G 



