222 Remarks on the variation of affined species. [No. 3. 



Races deviate from the similarity which obtains among different 

 individuals of the same race, in every way in which a difference could 

 well be exhibited. Thus some differ only in size, as the greater and 

 less European Bullfinches (of which the former is, we believe, the true 

 Loxia pyrrhula, L.,) — the Turtur orientalis and T. auritus, — the 

 Charadrius pluvialis and Ch. virginicus, — the Larus glaucus and L. 

 islandicuSy — the Asiatic Nettapus coromandelianus and the Australian 

 N. bicolor, Lesson, — Buceros affinis of the Deyra Boon and B. albi- 

 rostris, — Alcedo ispida and A. bengalensis, — Caprimulgus ruficollis 

 and C asiaticus, — C. monticolus and C. affinis, — Enicurus frontalis, 

 nobis, of the Malayan Peninsula and E. speciosus (Horsfield), of Java, 

 — Sylvia Jerdoni, nobis, and S. curruca, (Gm.) both Indian birds, — 

 Cuculus canorus, C. himalayanus, and C. polioeephalus, which are alike 

 inhabitants of the Himalaya, &c. &c. 



Or, with exact similarity of size and proportions, they may differ 

 more or less in colour, — as the different species of Asiatic Treron with 

 yellow feet, e. g. Tr. phcenicoptera of Bengal and Upper India, Tr. 

 chlorig aster of S. India and Ceylon, and Tr. viridifrons of Burma ; or 

 the long-tailed Tr. apicauda of the S. E. Himalaya and Tr. oxyura of 

 the Malay countries :— also the species or races of black-headed Munia, 

 as M. sinensis of the Malayan peninsula, M. rubroniger of Bengal, 

 Nepal, Asam, Arakan, and Tenasserim, and M. malacca of S. India 

 and Ceylon. Such differences may be very slight indeed and yet 

 constant, as in the foregoing instances and many more : — such as Car- 

 pophaga cenea of the Nicobar Islands as compared with specimens from 

 the neighbouring countries, — Palumbus Elphinstonei of the Nilgiris 

 and of Ceylon — Oriolus melanocephalus of Malabar and Ceylon and 

 that of Bengal, Nepal, and the countries eastward, — Pomatorhinus 

 erythrogenys of the N. W. and of the S. E. Himalaya, — Caccabis 

 chukar and C. grceca, auctorum, — the Cyaneculce, the Geocichlce, &c. ; 

 among which may be further enumerated the common Sparrows of 

 India and of Europe, and the Accentor alpinus of the mountains of 

 Europe and A. nipalensis of the Himalaya. The Garrulus glanda- 

 rius, G. melanocephalus, and the Japanese Jay, — the Sitta europcea, 

 S. ccesia, and S. himalayensis, — and the bare-necked white Ibises 

 (Threskiornis) of India, Africa, and Australia, afford other character- 

 istic examples. 



