1850.] Conspectus of the Ornithology of India. 323 



Hab. Europe, Asia, and Africa : visits Lower Bengal in the cold 

 season, where far from common. We have seen it from China. 



Remark. This and the preceding species are chiefly seen about and 

 after sunset, and doubtless also therefore about sunrise. A crepuscular 

 tendency which has already been noticed of the Hobby by Capt. Drum- 

 mond.* 



Genus Tinnunculus, Vieillot. 



23. T. alaudarius (Gould's B. E. pi. 26). 

 Syn. Falco alaudarius, Brisson. 

 F. tinnunculus , L. 

 F. fasciatus, Retzius. 

 F. brunneuSy Bechstein. 

 F. rufescens, Swain son. 

 F. interstinctusj McClelland. 

 Cerchneis murum, C. media, et C. tinnuncula, Brehm. 



Germatid, Gerimatid, Kharumatid,f Kurroutia, Ka- 

 rontia, and Narzi-narzdnak (' tete a tete ?'), H. ; 

 Nardunaky Sindh (Burnes) ; Gyo-thin, Arakan 

 (Phayre) ; Allap Allap Sapi t Jav. (Horsfield) ; 

 Raja Alia (often used as generic for all Hawks), 

 Ceylon (Layard). 

 Hab. Europe, Asia, and N. Africa: very common in Lower 

 Bengal, where frequently seen in parties of 20 or 30 individuals, beat- 

 ing over the cultivated lands. 



Remark. We have seen no Indian Kestrels, that were distinguishable 

 in any way from European specimens in corresponding plumage ; but 

 a presumed female from Ye (Tenasserim) is remarkable for the very 

 great breadth of the black markings of its plumage, and may perhaps 

 therefore and probably appertain to a distinct race. 



24. T. cenchris (Gould's B. E. pi. 27.) 



Syn. Falco cenchris, Naumann. 



F. tinnunculoides et F. xanthonyx, Natterer. 



* Vide Ann. Mag. N. H. 1843, p. 423. 



f These names, applied by Buchanan Hamilton to the common Kestrel, properly 

 belong (we suspect) rather to No. 20, and are obviously the same as Tarmatti there 

 cited. The term Gerumatia, however, evidently derives from Gernmati, orange or 

 ochreous-yellow earth, and is therefore applicable to either. 



