All these places are be- 

 yond our frontier. 



1850.] Report on the Valley of Spiti. 431 



Passes into Tartary. — Through the second chain of mountains into 

 Ladak and Tartary, there are three passes. 



1st to Chumurti. — The first from Lari to Chiimiirti in Tartary ; the 

 marches are as follow, being six days' journey. 



"1st, Hiiling. 

 2nd, Sung-kill. 

 3rd, Tun-tun. 

 4th, Put-put (lamii) said to be a very 



high pass. 

 5th, Rum-buding. 

 _6th, Chumurti. 



2nd Pass into Tartary — "Pdrang" — The second pass is over the 

 "Parang" lamii, upwards of 16,000 feet, and goes by the villages of 

 "Ki Giimpa" and Kibar to Riiksii, a district in Ladak. This is 

 usually called the " Parang La," La being the contraction of " lamii" 

 a pass. 



3rd Pass into Tartary — " Tungling." — The third pass is over the 

 "Tungling" lamii, a very high pass, also leading to Riiksii, and the 

 road strikes off between the villages of " Hall" and " Qatu," but on 

 the opposite side of the Spiti river. 



These are all the passes through the mountains into Spiti that I 

 have as yet become acquainted with. 



Boundaries. — The boundaries of Spiti are as follow. It is bounded 

 on the North by the Parang range, which separates it from Ladak. To 

 the North East there is no defined boundary, but inaccessible mountains. 

 To the South and South East by the Mani pass ranges which sepa- 

 rate it from Kunnawar. 



To the East a valley, called "Kurati" takpo, separates it from 

 Chinese Tartary. 



To the West, the snowy range from "Bhubah" to "Bara Lacha," 

 Bhubah Jhote, separating it from Busahir, and the latter from Kulu, 

 and Lahoul. The Bhubah Jhote is to the W. S. W. and the Bara 

 Lacha N. W. These appear to be all natural boundaries. 



Valleys. — The length of the Spiti Valley, longitudinally, I should 

 estimate at about sixty-six miles ; the following being my supposed 

 distances between each place situated in the valley. From the boundary 



3x2 



