1850.] Report on the Valley of Spiti. 433 



" Parang" river enters it, to a point where another stream flows into 

 it from the " Man! rang") seldom less than half a mile wide, and, in 

 some parts, nearer a mile. 



At this season of the year, the main stream is not in most places above 

 forty yards wide, or above three feet deep, — that is above Dankar. 

 This river is also remarkable for its very flat bed, and for not contain- 

 ing boulders of any large size — none above a foot in measurement, but 

 much more generally small stones, gravel, sand, and a calcareous marl. 



Its principal tributaries are the "Tungling," "Parang" and " Ling- 

 ti" flowing into it from the left bank ; and the river " Peen" on the 

 right. 



The " Tungling" and " Parang" flow from mountains of the same 

 names, each source distant about 20 miles. 



The river " Lingti" flows from Liingpa : it is said to be two days' 

 journey, and above the village of " Lilong" it is called the " Pedan- 

 gehi ;" its bed is about eighty yards, and the stream at present is about 

 20 feet wide. 



The river " Peen" is said to flow from the " Bhubah" Jhote and 

 above takes the name of the " Bhubah." When the river takes a 

 S. W. direction it is joined by another considerable stream, the 

 *' Yensa," flowing from a mountain of that name two days' journey 

 from its junction with the " Bhubah." Another large stream then 

 joins the " Bhubah" called " Para Kio," which is said to flow from a 

 mountain of that name four days' journey ; its course appears to be 

 nearly South. The " Bhubah" then takes the name of " Peen" from 

 the Koti of " Pimi," or valley, through which it flows. The width of 

 this river bed is from 300 to 800 yards. 



There are many other feeders to the Spiti, but which may be more 

 appropriately termed torrents, principally running into the Spiti, on 

 its right bank, with a course from the mountain, through which they 

 have forced their way, of about half a mile : some of their beds are 

 very remarkable, from 300 to 500 yards wide, quite straight and 

 parallel, like the banks of a canal, and the debris, in some instances, 

 from 200 to 300 feet above the water level : the rush of water on the 

 melting of the snow, must be very great through these channels. The 

 Spiti river is, at this season of the year, in some parts completely 

 frozen over, and you can both hear and see the stream flowing beneath 



