516 Conspectus of the Ornithology of India. [No. 7. 



and Baza Reinwardtii with B. subcristata f Gould : but many are 

 common to India and the great Indonesian archipelago, and some 

 to both of these regions and to Africa. Our list contains a few 

 which are exclusively Malayan or Indonesian, e. g. Baza Reinwardtii, 

 Accipiter nisoides, Spizaetus alboniger, Pontoaetus humilis, and Scops 

 superciliaris (? v. rufescens) : other Malayan species reach only (so far 

 as known) to the Tenasserim provinces, as Hierax fringillarius, Buteo 

 pygmceus (?), and Syrnium seloputo ; or still further to Arakan, as 

 Ketupa javanensis ; or again further to the S. E. Himalaya, as Pho- 

 dilus badius ; or the Himalaya generally (visiting the plains of Bengal 

 and Upper India in winter), as Hypotriorchis severus. Of species 

 more or less common to all India (in suitable localities) and Indonesia, 

 being moreover peculiar to these regions, may be enumerated Falco 

 peregrinator (?), Pernis cristata, Astur trivirgatus, Accipiter virga- 

 tus (? besra), Micronisus badius,* Spizaetus cirratus, var., Ictinaetus 

 malaiensis, Poliornis teesa,f Pontoaetus ictinaetus, Haliaetus Ma- 

 cei (?), Ilaliastur Indus, and Milvus govinda (?) ; also Otogyps calvus 

 (?) and Gyps indicus : and among the Nocturn^e, Bubo orientalis, 

 Scops lempiji, Syrnium indrani, and Strix javanica. Others, again, are 

 common to those two regions and to Africa, as Elanus melanopterus, 

 Rcematornis cheela (bacha ?), Blagrus leucogaster, Gyps bengalensis, 

 and Ninox scutellatus (Madagascar) ; or to India and Africa exclusive 

 of Indonesia (?), as Tinnunculus chicquera, Aquila ncevioides, and Buteo 

 rufinus (?) ; to which may be added (though European rarities), 

 Circaetus gallicus, Circus Swainsonii, and Hieraetus pennatus. 



The species of raptorial birds peculiar to India are remarkably nu- 

 merous, especially among the Nocturne ; those, at least, which at 

 present are only known to inhabit India. Some are very local, as Athene 

 castanotus in Ceylon, Ath. malabaricus on the Malabar coast, Ath. 

 Brodiei and Ketupa flampes in the Himalaya; and of the three 

 remaining species of Athene, Ath. radiata is also peculiar but more 

 generally diffused, Ath. brama extends into Persia, and Ath. cuculoides 

 is the only one we have seen from the eastern side of the Bay of Bengal, 

 though in India it is confined to the Himalaya, and it spreads eastward 



* Found also in Afghanistan. 



* Or this should rather be considered a true Indian species, which extends its 

 range into the Malayan peninsula and probably not much beyond. 



