16 The most ancient Grammar of the Vedas. [Jan. 



On the other hand in the first of these books any nasal element in 

 general is again marked by the name of Anusvdra (XIII. 1,) since it 

 is said that according to the supposition of several grammarians the 

 Anusvdra was the source of the nasal sound, like the vowel a, i. e. a 

 vowel element, that of the clear sound (ahur ghosha ghoshavasann 

 akaram eke nusvaram anunasikanam.) 



A further difference however is found in the third Praticakhya, where 

 an dnunasikya is distinguished from anusvdra and ndsikya. This anuna- 

 sikya is Bopp's primitive Anusvara. It will perhaps be well to adhere 

 to this distinction, of which Panini also is aware, although he does 

 not always bear it in mind. As regards the pronunciation of the 

 anunasikya, the grammarians are, according to the account of the same 

 book (I. 5,) of contrary opinions. Caitydyana insists that the anunasi- 

 kya is pronounced more emphatically (tivrataram) than the anusvara 

 and the uttama (the nasals of the Varga.) Kauhaliputra considers all 

 the nasals as equal, and Bharadvaja declares the anunasikya weaker 

 than the anusvara. It is possible that this contradiction may have 

 its foundation in the different usage of the word Anusvdra. 



The nose alone (Prat. II. 1, fol. 8. b.) is partly spoken of as the 

 organ, with which the nasals are formed, and partly both mouth and 

 nose (Prat. I. 13, 2 ; rakta vacano mukhanasikabhjam) or both organs 

 are limited to the anunasika in a more strict sense (Prat. II. 1, f. 8, b.) 

 and then the anusvara is said to be pronounced with the hanumula 

 (in the posterior part of the mouth.) These contradictions which are 

 found in the same manner, with Panini (comp. Bohtlingk to I. 1, 8, 

 9,) originate from the circumstance, that the nasal was at one time 

 considered as inherent to the vowel, and at another separated from it. 

 Or how could, for example, Panini consider the anusvara once as a 

 vowel and then again say that it was pronounced merely with the nose, 

 while he even points out to the nasal consonants of the Varga mouth 

 and nose as organs, i. e. he considers them at the same time of a nasal 

 and vowel kind. In the same manner the first Praticakhya also speaks 

 of the anusvara as being as well vowel as consonant. (I. 2). 



As to what regards the usage of the real Anusvara, or according to 

 the above distinction, of the Anunasikya, as being in this respect a parti- 

 cular sound and no substitute, so far as in the place which it occupies 

 every other nasal is impossible, the Praticakhyas teach the following : 



