1848.] Report of the Kohistan of the Jullundhur Doab. 291 



water has an unpleasant taste, and deposits a large quantity of calcare- 

 ous matter. The newly formed deposit from most of the springs is of 

 a rusty brown colour, but that taken from one of them is of a brick red. 

 In one place I remarked a mass of this singular deposit, nearly two feet 

 thick, and hardened into a compact rock. This mass is divided in 

 three distinct portions, or stratifications, and each is of about the same 

 thickness. A spring, therefore, after having formed the first deposit, 

 must have ceased to flow for a short period, and then burst out again, 

 and so on until the three were formed ; when it must have ceased to 

 flow altogether, or have burst out in another spot. I have preserved 

 a small portion of each, as well as of other rocks. The elevation of 

 Mani-karn must be considerable from the circumstance of Cedars, the 

 P. excelsa, the A. Smithiana, oaks and rhododendrons growing luxu- 

 riantly on the river's edge. The P. longifolia is also found there in 

 great abundance. 



21. I have mentioned in the former part of this report that boul- 

 ders and erratic blocks are to be seen scattered in the ravines and 

 water-courses as well as reposing on the hill sides. I will now endea- 

 vour to furnish some additional particulars regarding them. In the 

 two outer ranges the table-lands and the beds of the water courses are 

 generally covered with small waterworn pebbles similar in size and 

 composition to those found in the adjacent gravel, from which they 

 have evidently been derived. Boulders of every description and of a 

 moderate size also cover the bed of the Beeas. But it is only when we 

 get to the eastward of the Jala range that we encounter granitic blocks 

 of enormous dimensions. 



22. Among the many mountain torrents that take their rise in the 

 snows of the Clmmba range, there is not one whose banks are not more 

 or less covered with large erratics. These streams appear to have cut 

 their way through several hundred feet of strata, leaving flat terraces at 

 different levels and at corresponding heights on both banks. On these 

 terraces and on the shelving banks granitic blocks are seen lying either 

 in heaps or scattered about indiscriminately. They are also found on 

 the more elevated lands, and reposing on the hill-slopes either partially 

 embedded or lying on the surface. 



23. Those found in the latter situations were probably deposited 

 there before this country received its present outline : but the fact of 



2 p 2 



