398 The Turaee and Outer Mountains of Kumaoon. [May, 



the mountains : the seed is eaten by the Buceros, called here " Hoong- 

 zee-bagh." 



Helicteres Isora : " Jonka-phul," " Muror-phul." 



Abutilon Indicum. 



Moringa pterygosperma : " Synjuna." " Horse-radish Tree." 



Sesamum orientale : " Til," very abundant in the more open woods, 

 and evidently wild. 



Premna mucronata : "Ugnioon:" from the Sanscrit " ugnimuntha," 

 "churning fire;" from the custom of procuring fire by friction of two 

 pieces of its wood, about Almorah. " Ugnioon" is applied to Euonymus 

 Hamiltonianus. 



Premna spinosa. Dr. Wilson gives " Urni" as one of the Sanscrit 

 synonymes of this tree : but all over our Northern Provinces it is the 

 well known name of Clerodendron phlomoides, corrupted in Goojjurat 

 where it is abundant into "Irun" and "Arnee." A more careful exa- 

 mination of the popular names of plants would considerably diminish 

 the now improbable number of Sanscrit terms applied to the same object. 

 Premna and Clerodendron being of the same order are likely to have in 

 common the property of ignition by friction. 



Vitex negundo : " Mewree :" " Shiwalee." Further enquiry throws 

 doubt over the probability of Shiwalee being the Sephalica (Nyctanthes), 

 though in Bengal, the latter is called " Shioolee : " on the contrary, the 

 Kumaoon term, (" Sinwar" in Behar) appears to come from the S„ 

 "Sindhoovar" "choosing the water," a very apt designation for Vitex. 

 The Chinese in Kumaoon make a kind of tea from its leaves. Vitex 

 trifolia, and V. incisa probably exist, but I have not discriminated them 

 hitherto. 



Emblica officinalis : " Aonla," " Amla ;" up to about 4000 feet. Wil- 

 son gives the etymology, "clean, pure:" but since "uml," "ami," 

 denote sour, acid, and this is pre-eminently so, these would seem to be the 

 roots, as avowedly of " umlika," " amlika," the Tamarind. " Emblica," 

 indeed appears to be the same as "Amlika." 



Rottlera tinctoria : " Rooen ." "Rolee." 



Terminalia chebula : " Hur." " Hurura." 



Terminalia Bellerica : " Byhura." 



Pentaptera glabra : " Saj." 



Lagcrstrcemia parviflora : " Dhoura," passim. 



