480 Verification of the Itinerary of Hwan Thsang [June, 



cy of Hwan Thsang's distances and directions, and the consequent 

 inaccuracy of the Major's identifications. The Chinese pilgrim states 

 that to the South-Westward of Kia-she-mi-lo, or Kashmir, and across 

 the mountains at 700 li (about 117 miles) was Pan-nu-cha, which all 

 the continental savans have identified with the Panjab, in spite of the 

 assigned distance and direction. Major Anderson does the same, and 

 remarks that the mention made by Hwan Thsang that Pan-nu-cha, 

 was a dependency of Kashmir would, if the time could be ascertained, 

 give a clue to the period when the work was composed. But Pan- 

 nu-cha is certainly Panuch or Punach, the Punch of the maps, which 

 was always a dependency of Kashmir during the Hindu rule. Hwan 

 Thsang's distance and direction are therefore again correct. Hwan 

 Thsang further states that to the South-Eastward of Pan-nu-cha, at 

 400 li (about 66 miles) was Ko-lo-che-pu-lo, and at 700 li (about 

 117 miles) more to the South-Eastward, was Thse-kia; or in other 

 words, that Thse-kia was situated about 183 miles to the south-east- 

 ward of Punach. This brings us again to the neighborhood of Lahore 

 and Amritsar, the very position already obtained by working Westward 

 from Jalandhara. As Amritsar was originally called Chek, it seems 

 probable that the holy city of the Sikhs, stands in the actual position 

 of the Sdkala of the Mahabharata, and the Sangala of Arrian. 



These detailed distances and directions, from two such well ascertain- 

 ed places as Kashmir and Jalandhara, fully establish the accuracy 

 of Hwan Thsang's Itinerary in this part, and the incorrectness of 

 Major Anderson's identification of Thse-kia with Shi/cdrpur ; more 

 particularly as Shikarpur is to the west of India, and not to the north, 

 as Thse-kia is stated to be by Hwan Thsang. 



3rd. Po-fa-to. This is placed by Hwan Thsang at 700 li (about 

 1 1 7 miles) to the North-Eastward of Meii-lo-san-pu-lo, or Mallis- 

 thdnpura, the present Multan. Major Anderson identifies Po-fa-to 

 with Bahdwalpur to the Sou ^-Eastward of Multan, a direction contrary 

 to that indicated by Hwan Thsang. As the town possessed no less 

 than 4 topes built by Asoka, its antiquity may be placed as high as 

 the period of Alexander. Now the distance and direction bring us to 

 the banks of the Ravee, and to the neighborhood of Harapa, an ancient 

 city now in ruins, which both from tradition and position, must have 

 been one of the large fortified towns taken by Alexander. The Major 



