486 Verification of the Itinerary of Hwan Thsang [June, 



tifies Khiu-lu-to with Keldt-i-Ghilzi Now from Khiu-lu-to to 

 the south, at 800 li (about 133 miles) across high mountains and a 

 large river, was She-to-thu-lo, bounded to the webt by a great river. 

 This name, She-to-thu-lo is an exact transcript of the Sanskrit 

 Satadru, the Zadadrus of Ptolemy, and the Hesudrus of Pliny, now 

 called Satrudr or Satlaj. The other large river crossed on the road 

 from Kulu is of course the Vipdsa or Byds. 



These two identifications of Khiu-lu-to and She-to-thu-lo with 

 Kulu and Satadru, are I think, conclusive of Hwan Thsang' s accuracy 

 both in distances and directions, and of the erroneousness of the 

 Major's system of identification founded upon Persian readings and 

 etymologies. My identifications prove that Hwan Thsang derived his 

 names from Sanskrit originals ; witness the rivers Pi -po-che, or 

 Vipdsa, She-to-thu-lo, or Satadru, Su-pho-fa-su-to, or Subha. 

 vastu, with the towns Pu-se-ko-la-fa-ti, or Pushkaldvati, Satha- 

 ni-she-fa-lo, or Sthaneswdra, and numerous others, all of which 

 show that Hwan Thsang could not have copied his names from the 

 misspelt spoken names of Mahomedan authors. As Major Anderson 

 has stated his conviction that Hwan Thsang has derived his information 

 from "Arabic and Persian geographical publications," it behoves him 

 to point out the Musalman geographer from whom the Chinese author 

 has copied. If such a work really exists it will be invaluable. I will 

 now proceed to an examination of some historical points mentioned by 

 Hwang Thsang for the establishment of the perfect correctness of the 

 date (600 to 650 A. D.) claimed for him by Chinese authors. 



1st. In his mention of the kingdom of Sin-tu or Sindh, Hwan 

 Thsang states that the king was of the race of Chou-to-lo (or in 

 English characters, Shu-to-lo) an exact transcript of the Sanskrit 

 Sudra, one of the four well known castes of Hindus. Major Anderson, 

 using the same mispronunciation of the French ch for a fourth time, 

 identifies the Chou-to-lo with " Chator, a celebrated tribe of Rajputs." 

 Chitor or Chitrdwara, is the name of a celebrated fortress, as its 

 meaning implies, and not that of a tribe. The Rajputs of Chitor are 

 now called Sisodia, but in Hwan Thsang' s time they were known un- 

 der the names of Grdhilot. 



Now the period at which Sudras reigned over Sindh must be the date 

 of Hwan Thsang' s visit. In the Chach-Ndmeh, or Persian history of 



