1848.] The Turaee and Outer Mountains of Kumaoon. 5/9 



latter rudely piled on each other with a general dip towards the head 

 of the stream. (R. S.) Here the Ludeea receives from the north a 

 small, but brilliantly clear tributary, the Bhubgoolia, up the course 

 of which lies the road, now commencing to rise in earnest ; as do the 

 rocks on every side in vertical walls. The first crest is attained at a 

 village called Kookrounee ; hence along an undulating ridge, 2 miles to 

 Sulla, a fit place to breakfast; there is a Deodar grove and spring 

 called Burnl, about a mile beyond this, a little down to the east. Here 

 commences the second pull up one of the great spurs of the Kanadeo 

 range, the Gagur of Kalee Kumaoon, and only terminates about three 

 quarters of a mile short of Chhirapanee, which lies rather beyond 

 the highest point of the pass. The declivities on each hand during 

 this ascent are extremely steep and deep ; beyond them to the left is 

 the Loungchoola range, connected with Kanadeo : its spacious pine- 

 covered flanks present numerous patches of cultivation. 



Chhirapanee, sometimes called Chourapanee, derives its name from 

 a small stream which falls over the rocks here in a petty cascade : 

 rising in the Kanadeo summit, which may be about 700 feet above to 

 N. E. and is estimated by Dr. McClelland to be 8000 feet above the 

 sea. It is 24 miles due east of the Birond summit near Bumouree, 

 and like that, is one of the Trigonometrical stations : the Quercus lanu- 

 ginosa (Reeanj) clothes the summit, which is consecrated by a neat 

 temple to Muhadeo, invoked as " Kanadeo ;" " the God with one 

 eye." Beyond a neck, the range is continued to the east, in two more 

 great points of equal elevation : and there appears to trend S. E. The 

 view hence, as from camp (there is no village,) is grand. To the 

 south, Nalee mun is conspicuous amongst the outer ranges ; to the 

 N. W. far beneath, is the broad undulating vale of Kalee Kumaoon, 

 studded with dark groves of Deodar, but otherwise highly cultivated, 

 with the old capital of Chumpawut W. N. W. towards its farther 

 extremity ; beyond this, partially concealed by the intervening ridge 

 of Mulsa Deo, is the basin of Lohooghat ; to the N. E. is seen the 

 precipitous face of the Thakil ; and to the north, and far on each 

 side, the snows. They assume forms considerably different from those 

 in the vicinity of Almorah ; the Trisool is foreshortened into a bastion- 

 ed mass like that of Budreenath, and brought nearly into contact with 

 Nunda Devee ; the pinnacles of the Punj-choola, immediately in front, 



4 N 



