1847.] Bhdsha ParicMda, or Division of Language. 171 



being there the common properties of substances, qualities, and acts 

 while the opposition of ideas is treated in the seventh category, viz. 

 that of negation. There are notions, which, according to our view, 

 in contrary opposition, placed under the head of absolute negation 

 and notions, according to us in contradictory opposition, in mutual 

 negation. 



From this arrangement then did not only result an imperfect exposi- 

 tion of the logical relations among ideas, but an important metaphysical 

 error, by which logical relations of ideas are considered as real proper- 

 ties of substances. 



In finding the logical treatment of notions by no means satisfactory, 

 we may at the same time observe, that there are many valuable remarks 

 about some psychological and grammatical relations of ideas which we 

 do not recollect to have found elsewhere. These we have given in a 

 note to the text, where this subject is explained. 



A proposition to convey a distinct meaning, must, according to the 

 Nyaya, have four qualities : 



1. Contiguity, which, according to some, is the uninterrupted succes- 

 sion of the words pronounced in a sentence, so that for instance, the 

 first word of it be not pronounced in the present moment, and the next 

 half an hour afterwards, according to others, the arrangement of the 

 words according to their grammatical connexion, for instance, that a 

 preposition be placed together with the word which depends upon it, 

 and not with a word, to which it does not refer. 



2. Consistency, or the mutual agreement of the words, according to 

 their sense, so that contradictory terms be not connected. 



3. Structure, or the grammatical (terminations) forms of the words, 

 which correspond in their meanings (for instance, that the verb agrees 

 with the subject in number and person.) 



4. Intention, that is, the meaning which the speaker wishes to con- 

 vey by a sentence. 



There again the logical characteristics of a proposition have been 

 omitted, as all those points, with the exception perhaps of consistency, 

 belong to the grammatical structure of a sentence. 



The logical explanation of propositions, as a matter of course, passes 

 over any grammatical form a proposition may assume ; it treats only 



