548 On the Local and Relative Geology of Singapore, [June, 



Dempo, Lumut and Berapi, rise to the height of 12,000 feet. Gimong 

 Dempo was ascended by Mr. Church, the present resident councillor at 

 Singapore, with the late Mr. Presgrave in 1818. An interesting ac- 

 count of the ascent is inserted in Raffles' Memoirs, (p. 323.) Mr. Pres- 

 grave states that he had frequently seen smoke issuing from the 

 mountain, and the natives informed him that within their memory it 

 had emitted flames attended with a loud noise. In the upper region of 

 the mountain the party found the trees dead and externally burned 

 quite black. Further north is the great central volcanic region, partially 

 at least included in the ancient kingdom of Menang Kabu. This is 

 described by Raffles, (Memoirs, p. 347) as being exclusively volcanic. 

 The rocks are mostly basaltic. Two lofty volcanic mountains rise near 

 the large lake of Sincara. From one of these, Gunong Berapi (fiery 

 mountain) which is above 13,000 feet high, smoke issued. Hot springs 

 also exist here. To the east of the lake at the rocks consisted of fel- 

 spar, granite, quartz, &c mixed with a great variety of volcanic produc- 

 tions in the greatest confusion. Iron ore of various kinds lay in the 

 path of the travellers. To the west of the lake were found granite, 

 marble, great varieties of limstones, masses of calcareous spar and 

 many other substances. On the N. E. of the lake near Pageruyang 

 numerous stumps and trunks of trees in a state of petrifaction pro- 

 truded from the ground. The limits of the region on the north and 

 south are not ascertained. About 60 miles south of Mt. Talong ano- 

 ther Gunong Berapi occurs. Near Mt. Ophir a volcanic mountain is 

 marked in Marsden's map, and Mt. Ophir itself is probably an extinct 

 volcano. Further north still lies another of the ascertained volcanoes 

 Mt. Batagapit. Mr. J. Anderson, who visited the east coast in 1823, 

 mentions* a native tradition of an engagement having taken place be- 

 tween two of the mountains in the interior of Delli (Sebaya and 

 Senaban) when part of them fell into the valley. From these moun- 

 tains sulphur is procured, which if it does not prove that they are 

 formed of volcanic materials as Mr. Anderson conceives, at least leads 

 to the inference that they have been the seat of volcanic action. At 

 Acheen abundant supplies of sulphur for internal consumption and ex- 

 portation are obtained from a volcanic mountain in the neighbour- 

 hood, f Lastly, one of the western chain of Islands, Si Beero, according 

 " Mission to the E. coast o! Sumatra, p. 199. t Marsden, p. 313. 



