CONTENTS 



CHAPTER I. 



PAGE 



What is a Glacier? 1-12 



The Appearance of ice deceptive, 1 ; Discovery of its Real Nature, 2 ; Motion of a 

 Glacier, 2 ; Effect of Friction, 3 ; Cause of the Motion, 4 ; Plasticity of Ice, 5 ; Rela- 

 tion of Snow to Ice, 6 ; Structure of a Glacier, 7 ; Veins, 7 ; Fissures, 8 ; Ice-Pillars, 

 10 ; Terminal Moraines, 10 ; Kames, 11 ; Glacial Scratches and Groovings, 12. 



CHAPTER II. 

 Existing Glaciers on the Pacific Coast . . . 13-39 



In Southern California, 13 ; in Northern California: Mount Shasta, 15 ; in Oregon, 

 19 ; in Washington Territory: Mount Tacoma, 19 ; British Columbia and Alaska, 

 23 ; on the Stickeen River, 25 ; in Taku Inlet: Norris Glacier, 27 ; in Lynn Canal: 

 Davidson Glacier, 27 ; north of Cross Sound, 29 ; on Mt. St. Elias, 30 ; in 

 Yakutat Bay, 30 ; north of the Alaskan Peninsula, 36. 



CHAPTER III. 

 A Month with the Muir Glacier .... 40-74 



Purposes of the Expedition, 40 ; Facilities for Observation, 41 ; Description of 

 Glacier Bay and its Surroundings, 41 ; Muir Inlet, 43 ; Dimensions of the Muir 

 Glacier, 43 ; Various Characteristics, 47 ; Moraines, 49 ; Indirect Evidences of 

 Motion, 50; Formation of Icebergs, 51 ; Subglacial Streams, 51 ; Direct Measure- 

 ment of Velocity, 52; Retreat of the Ice-front, 55; Former Extension of the Glacier, 

 59 ; a Buried Forest, 61 ; Kames and Kettle-holes, 66 ; Transportation and Waste 

 by Water, 67 ; Temperature in August, 68 ; Flora of the Vicinity, 69 ; H. F. Reid's 

 Measurements, 71 ; F. E. and C. W. Wright's Observations, 72. 



CHAPTER IV. 

 Glaciers of Greenland 75-102 



Extent of Greenland, 75 ; Nordenskiold's Expedition, 75 ; Amount of Coast Line 

 already explored, 77 ; Number of First-class Glaciers in Danish Greenland, 78 ; 

 Movementof Ice lnthem, 78 ; Nunataks, 71 ; Former Extension of the Ice, 79 ; 

 Helland's Observations, 80 ; Whymper's Description, 83 ; Explorations of Kane 

 and Hayes, 86 ; Humboldt Glacier, 92 ; Glaciers on the Eastern Coast of Green- 

 land, 97 ; Nansen's Expedition, 98 ; Erlchsen's Expedition, 99 ; Hoist** Obser- 

 vations on Frederickshaab Glacier, 100. 



