404 Notes, principally Geological, [No. 162. 



is thus often plainly visible in mountains many miles distant. The 

 hypogene schists seldom attain a height of above 400 feet; the higher 

 portions are sandstone. The sandstone, in the localities where I ex- 

 amined it on the heights overlooking the Dorenal Pass, had much the 

 appearance of quartz rock passing into chert or hornstone, of various 

 light shades of red, brown, green, blue, black and white. 



Pass of Dorenal. This break in the Easternmost chain of the 

 Eastern Ghauts is about four miles in length, general direction W. by 

 N., and is evidently a transverse valley of fracture, passing nearly at right 

 angles with the direction of the strata, and with that of the longitudi- 

 nal vallies. The Northern side is abrupt and craggy, while the ab- 

 rupt features of the Southern flank are more rounded and softened 

 down. Its bottom has an irregular surface, occupied by angular rocky 

 debris, the wreck of strata once continuous, and is now partially co- 

 vered with both arboreous and shrubby vegetation. The ascent from the 

 East, partaking of the general character of the Ghaut elevation, is steeper 

 than the descent to the West ; but it is every where passable for loaded 

 carts, and is one of the best channels of commerce from the maritime 

 plains of Nellore and Ongole to the more elevated districts of Cud- 

 dapah, Bellary and Kurnool. The best sort of cart adapted for this 

 hill transit is that with the narrow sharp wooden wheels girt with 

 strong iron fellies, and having axles revolving with the wheel. I 

 saw about fifty return carts, laden with empty indigo boxes, returning 

 from the town of Nellore to the indigo factory at Budwail in the 

 Cuddapah district. Five hundred Lumbari bullocks, laden with salt, 

 the manufacture of the coast, were jogging merrily on, to the music of 

 their own bells, with this high-taxed necessary of life, into the interior. 



Valley of Budwail. From the Pass of Dorenal the traveller de- 

 scends by an easy slope into the longitudinal valley of Budwail, which 

 is crossed in a W. N. W. direction to the Western and principal chain 

 of the E. Ghauts. This fine valley has an almost S. direction inclin- 

 ing slightly to the E., and extends from theKistnah beyond Cumbum 

 on the N. to Tripety on the S. with some interruption from occasional 

 cross lines of elevation and fracture, passing a little East of Sidhout to 

 the cross fracture forming the valley of the Pennaur; whence its 

 course may be traced southerly by the channels of Cheyeyroo and 

 Goonjna streams, by Chitwail, Codoor, Baulpilly and Curcumbady. 



