1845.] across the Peninsula of Southern India. 405 



On the line of the cross valley of the Pennaur near Sidhout a con- 

 siderable subsidence, or sinking down of the surface, appears to have 

 taken place ; as near this point we see both the Northern and Southern 

 lines of drainage of the longitudinal vallies of the E. Ghauts, viz. the 

 Cheyeyroo, the Toomall and Sagglair, converge and empty themselves 

 into the Pennaur, easterly through the cross fracture of Sidhout to 

 the sea. The general breadth of the valley of Bud wail North of the 

 Pennaur, is about eleven miles. From Poormaumla on the N. to the 

 Pennaur it is sub-divided into two vallies by a central range of hills, 

 which passes by the town of Bud wail; the lowest parts of these 

 vallies are marked by the S. courses of the Toomall in that to the 

 East, and by that of Sagglair in the valley to the W. 



In the valley of Bud wail the Cuddapah limestone with its associ- 

 ated argillaceous shales of different shades of red, chocolate, white, 

 yellow and green, are first seen, the latter predominating. The central 

 range consists chiefly of sandstone based on these shales, which are 

 often denuded, and appear in the vallies between ridges capped with 

 insulated massive layers of sandstone and quartz rock several miles 

 asunder. 



Westernmost ridge of the Eastern Ghauts. The Western, or principal 

 ridge of the E. Ghauts is crossed by the Oothoomnagoo and Jungumraz- 

 pilly Passes. The latter is perfectly practicable for bandies. Leaving 

 my baggage to go round by the Pass, I ascended the Ghauts by a sheep 

 track, to the lead mines of Jungumanipenta, and descended to those 

 of Buswapoor on the Western flank of the Ghauts. These mines have 

 been previously described in a paper published by the Royal Asiatic 

 Society. Suffice it here to observe, that the lower and modern eleva- 

 tions of the Ghauts are composed of slates and shales associated 

 with the limestone; the highest ridges and peaks are capped and 

 crested with sandstone passing into quartz rock. The limestone 

 abounds with chert and hornstone; its shales are usually reddish, 

 chocolate, green, white and ochreous, and interstratified with arenace- 

 ous, ferruginous, and calcareous bands passing into dark quartzose 

 slates; petrographically speaking these resemble those of our Devonian 

 series, but no traces of fossils are observed in any of these rocks. 



Nundialempett. This village is situated about one and a quarter koss 

 Westerly from the lead mines of Baswapur, and stands on the right bank 



