1848.] through Afghanistan and India. \7 



with the Kafshdn, cyl-^, or Kushdn, tyl-*^, of the present day.) To the 

 S. of the town, at 40 li (nearly 7 miles) was the town of Si-pi-to-fa-la~ 

 sse (in Sanskrit, Sweta-varsha, the " white district," perhaps the modern 

 Ghorband, from the Sanskrit gaura-vartta, or "white region.") Thence 

 at 30 li (5 miles) to the S. mount A-lu-nao, (in Sanskrit, Aruna, 

 "dark red.") To the N. W. of the capital, at 200 li (33 miles) are the 

 great snowy mountains (the Hindu Kush) and to the S. W. of the same 

 is mount Pi-lo-so-lo, " firm as an Elephant," (in Sanskrit, pilu, an 

 elephant, and sdra, strength.) To the south of Kushan there is a small 

 isolated hill, in Walker's map, which is probably the mountain here 

 mentioned.) Thence to the E. at 600 li (100 miles) over the difficult 

 passes of the Black mountains, is the frontier of northern India, and 



No. 36 — Lam-pho. Lamghan, Lassen — the district of Ptolemy's 

 LamhatcB. 



Thence to the S. E. at 100 li (17 miles) across a mountain range and 

 a great river, 



No. 37 — Na-ko-lo-ho, surrounded on all sides by hills, and possess- 

 ing some lofty topes built by Asoka. (Nangrihar, the Nagara or 

 Dionysopolis of Ptolemy, and the Nysa of Alexander's historians ; most 

 probably Begrdm near Jallalabad. It is the Na-kie of Fa-Hian, close 

 to which was Hi-lo, the present Hidda, where Masson opened several 

 topes. The name of Dionysopolis was still existing at the time of Mah- 

 •mud Ghaznavi's invasion ; for Al Biruni mentions the town of Dinus or 

 Dinuz, as being situated about midway between Kabul and Parashawar. 

 i have a suspicion that the Adinahpur of Abul Fazl, Ayin Akbari, 

 2, 165, is only a Mahomedan alteration of the same name.) 



Thence to the S. E. at 500 li (83 miles) across some mountains, to 



No. 38 — Kian-to-lo. Gandhara — Lassen. The capital is called 

 Pu-lu-sha-ptj-lo. (Parashawar a, the Parshdwar of Abu Rihan and 

 Baber, and the modern Peshawar, a name given by Akbar to denote a, 

 frontier town.) To the N. E. of the monastery of King Kia-ni-si-kia, 

 (Kanishka) and across a large stream (the Kabul river) was the town of 

 Pu-se-ko-la-fa-ti. (In Sanskrit, Pushkaldvati, in Prakrit, Pukkalaoti, 

 the original of the Greek nevKe\aans f as Pukkala was of the Greek 

 UevKeXa, It corresponds to the modern Hashtnagar or Hastinagara, 

 which perhaps derives its name from Astes or Hasti, the chief of Peu- 

 kelaotis in the time of Alexander.) To the S. E. of this was the town 



