1848.] through Afghanistan and India, 19 



which was the source of the Su-phofa-su-tu, or Swat river, in San- 

 skrit Subhavastu, which flows to the S. W. as stated by Hwan Thsang.) 

 To the S. of Meng-ho-li, at 200 li (33 miles) was the great forest of 

 Ma-ha-fa-na. (This is no doubt the high jungly hill now called 

 Mahdban, in Sanskrit Maha-vana, around the end of which the Indus 

 sweeps in the neighbourhood of Derbend. From Turee, the W. peak of 

 this well known hill bears E. 71° 30 ; , and from Akora it bears E* 

 55° 40'.) To the W. of the capital, at 50 li (8 or 9 miles) and across 

 the river, was a monastry built by Asoka, called Lu-yi-ta-kia, or " the 

 red" (in Sanskrit Lohitaka.) To the N. E. at 30 li (5 miles) was the 

 monastery of Ko-pu-to. Thence to the W. across the river there was 

 a statue of A-fo-lu-chi-ti-she-fa-lo-phu-sa, (perhaps Aparajiteswa- 

 ra Bodhisatwa.) To the N. E. of Meng-ho-li, over the mountains, 

 and ascending the Indus, at 1000 li (166 miles) and over some suspen- 

 sion bridges, was the brook. Tha-li-lo, where once stood the capital of 

 Udyana. (Both distance and bearing point to the Dardu district of 

 Darel on the Indus, to the south of Gilgit. The Chinese syllables are 

 indeed only a literal transcript of Darel. Fa Hian calls it Tho-li.) 

 Thence to the E. over mountains, at 500 li (83 miles) to 

 No. 40 — Po-lu-lo, amidst the snowy mountains. (In No. 134, this 

 kingdom is said to be to the S. of Pho-mi-lo or Pdmer, and to produce 

 " much gold." These two bearings from Darel and Pamer point to the 

 kingdom of Balti or Little Tibet, which is still called Palolo by all class- 

 es of the Dardus. It is besides famed for its gold dust. As Balti like- 

 wise abomids in rock-crystal, the Persian jyh, Bilorpis probably derived 

 from the name of this district ; and the Bolor mountains may perhaps 

 mean simply the " crystal mountains." The name of Bilor is not how- 

 ever confined to Persian ; for the Chinese know Pho-li or Bilor as a 

 synonyme of Se-pho-ti-kia, or Sphatika, ^fe^T, " rock crystal." 

 From U-to-kia-han-cha, across the Indus to the S. was 

 No. 41 — Tan-cha-shi-lo, the boundary of India towards the north, 

 and a dependency of Kashmir. — (This is the Sanskrit Takshasila, and 

 Pali Takkasila, the Taxila of the Greeks, as noticed by Lassen. — It is 

 undoubtedly the present Manikydla, which is surrounded by ruins. One 

 of the neighbouring villages is still called Takkdla, a name of the same 

 import as Takkasila, and most of the coins now procurable at Rawal- 

 pindi and in the neighbouring villages are brought from Manikyala.) To 



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