22 Verification of the Itinerary of 'Hwang Thsang [July, 



the Ganges, was tributary to Asoka Maurya, the Sophagasenas of the 

 time of Antiochus the great ; Subhaga being only a synonyme of 

 Asoka.) 



Thence to the S. W. across the mountains at 700 li (117 miles) to 



No, 45 — Pan-nu-cha, a dependency of Kashmir. (This is not the 

 Panjab, as generally supposed ; but Panuch or Punach, the Punch of 

 the maps, a place which answers to the bearing and distance given by 

 Hwan Thsang, and which was undoubtedly a dependency of Kashmir at 

 the period of his visit.) 



Thence to the S. E. at 400 li (67 miles) to 



No. 46 — Kq-lo-che-ptj-lo, also a dependency of Kashmir. (The 

 distance and bearing point to the neighbourhood of Rajaori, on the Tohi 

 river. The second and third syllables, Lo-che, are a transcript of Raja, 

 and the last two, pu-lo, are a transcript of pura. "We thus have Raja- 

 pura, a name synonimous with Rajdwara, but I am unable to offer 

 any explanation of the prefix Ko. Rajdwar was always a dependency 

 of Kashmir). 



Thence to the S. E. across the river at 700 li (117 miles) to 



No. 47 — Thse-kia — to the E. of which was the river Pi-po-che, 

 (the Vipdsa or Byas) and to the W. the river Sin-tu (the Sindhu, or 

 Indus.) The distance and bearing bring us to the neighbourhood of 

 Lahore and Amritsar. Now we know that the latter place was an old 

 city named Chek before its selection as the head-quarters of the Sikh 

 religion, and the excavation by Guru Ram Das of the Amrita Saras or 

 " pool of nectar," from which the place took its present name.) To the 

 S. W. of the large city was the old town of Che-ko-lo. (This answers 

 both in name and in position to the Sdkala of the Hindus and the San- 

 gala of Arrian. The mention of a Stupa here built by Asoka proves 

 that Che-ko-lo was a place of note within 50 years after Alexander's 

 death.) 



Thence to the E. at 500 li (83 miles) to 



No. 48 — Chi-na-pu-ti, a place built by Chinese, where was the 

 ancient domain of king Kia-ni-sse-kia. (The Chinese syllables appear 

 to represent Chinavati, a place which still exists on the Chenab river 

 due W. from Amritsar about 90 miles. It is possible therefore that 

 there is a mistake in the bearing of this place, "est" for "ouest." The 

 perfect agreement of the two names however — is almost too remarkable 



