26 Verification of the Itinerary of Ilwan Thsang [July, 



Megha-duta, Kalidas mentions only Kankhala. May not Ptolemy's 

 Mapyapa be Tayyapa, or Ganga-dwara ?) 



Thence to the N. at 300 li (50 miles) was 



No. 57 — Pho-lo-ki-ma-pu-lo, surrounded by mountains on all sides. 

 (This would appear to be Srinagara, the capital of Garhwal. The Chi- 

 nese name is perhaps intended for Parakramapura) . To the N. of this 

 principality, amongst the snowy mountains, was the kingdom of Su-fa- 

 la-nu-kiu-tha-lo, " famille d'or," (evidently the Sanskrit Suvarna- 

 gotra) where excellent gold was found. (This is most probably the 

 district about Toling and Garu between the Upper Satlaj and Upper 

 Indus, celebrated for its gold dust, and now called Urna-desa or Un-des p 

 " Wool-country ;" which, as described by Hwan Thsang, has Tibet on 

 the E. and Khoten on the N. The district of Pan-pho-lo, on the W. 

 is probably Laddk or Mang-yul. 



From Mo-ti-pu-lo to the S. E. at 400 li (67 miles) was 



No. 58— Kiu-pi-shwang-na, 2000 li (333 miles) in extent. (The 

 distance and bearing point to the neighbourhood of Bijnor and the ruins 

 of Hastinapura. I cannot even guess what may be the Sanskrit equi- 

 valent of the Chinese syllables : perhaps Kiu-pi may be Kripa.) 



Thence to the S. E. at 400 li (67 miles) to 



No. 59 — 0-yi-chi-tha-lo, 3000 li (500 miles) in extent, with a 

 Stupa built by Asoka. (This name appears to be a transcript of the 

 Sanskrit Uchchasthala, which is most likely the modern Uchchagrdma 

 or Unchagaon, called Bulandshehr by the Musalmans. The bearing- 

 would however point to the neighbourhood of Anopshehr and Chandasi ; 

 but the coincidence of name is I think too strong to admit of much 

 doubt as to the accuracy of my identification. 



Thence to the S. at 260 or 270 li (43 to 45 miles) across the Ganges, 

 and then to the S. W. to 



No. 60 — Pi-lo-san-nu— 2000 li (333 miles) in extent. Ruins of a 

 Stupa built by Asoka. (According to the next mentioned bearing and 

 distance from Seng-kia-she, or Samkissa, this place must have been 

 in the neighbourhood of Karsdna, an old town near Khas-gani. The 



ganj. 



Chinese syllables probably represent the Sanskrit Pilusdna or " Elephant's 

 ear-flap," which is a synonyme of Karsdna or Karisdna. It is curious 

 that kari and hastin, names for an elephant, are derived from Kara 

 (Greek X et/>) and hast a, both names for the hand, as well as for an 

 elephant's trunk, on account of its being a handy member. 



