1848.] through Afghanistan and India. 43 



point to the district of Katak or Cuttack, and the neighbourhood of 

 Kanarak, where the black Pagoda stands.) 



Thence to the S. W. across a great desert and through a thick forest 

 at 1400 or 1500 li (233 to 250 miles) to 



No. 88 — Ko-ling-kia. Kalinga, Landresse : 5000 li (833 miles) 

 in extent. Few true believers (Buddhists), many heretics (Brahmanists.) 

 To the S. near the town was a Stupa built by Asoka. (The identifica- 

 tion of M. Landresse is undoubtedly correct, although the distance is 

 somewhat exaggerated. The name of the country is preserved in the 

 Kalingum promontorium of Ptolemy ; and the chief town of the dis- 

 trict, Chicacul, is Ptolemy's Kokala.) 



Thence to the N. W. over mountains and through forests at 1800 li 

 (300 miles) to 



No. 89 — Kiao-sa-lo, 6000 li (1000 miles) in extent. The king is a 

 Kshetriya. The people are black and savage. (The bearing and dis- 

 tance point to the district of Gandwana, the present Nagpur or Berar, 

 of which the principal ancient cities were Garha, Mandala, and Ratan- 

 pur. The last of these answers to the position recorded by Hwan 

 Thsang. The name of Kosala is preserved by Ptolemy as " Kosa, in 

 qua est adamas") 



Thence to the S. at 900 li (150 miles) to 



No. 90 — An-tha-lo, Andra, Landresse ; 3000 li (500 miles) in ex- 

 tent. The capital is called Phing-khi-lo. Language, peculiar; 

 manners, savage. The extensive and important Buddhistical ruins of 

 Amaravati, to the W. of Nagpur. These ruins are still undescribed, a, 

 fact which reflects no small discredit both upon the British Government, 

 which possesses the country, and upon the Asiatic Society which 

 possesses Col. Mackenzie's MSS. drawings and inscriptions. The latter 

 are particularly valuable and interesting, as they refer to a period prior 

 to the date of Hwan Thsang' s visit, when Buddhism was struggling 

 with Brahmanism but was still predominant. The most modern of 

 these inscriptions says that " Place is not to be given to the disputer 

 of Buddhism." It must therefore be older than A. D. 600 — while 

 the more ancient ones, from the shape of their characters, certainly 

 reach as high a date as the beginning of the Christian era." The 

 AndrcB Indi are mentioned in the Pentingerian Tables, and the 

 Andhras of Magadha are recorded in the Puranas. Andhra is also 



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