48 Verification of the Itinerary of Hwan Thsang [July, 



this country lies the natural road towards the western sea : and the 

 people are fond of maritime enterprizes. Near the town is mount Yeu- 

 shen-to. The Chinese syllables represent the Sanskrit Surashtra in 

 its spoken form of Suratha. M. Landresse is wrong in identifying this 

 with Surat, which is a modern town. According to Hwan Thsang the 

 capital must be looked for in the neighbourhood of Junagarh, a place 

 which we know to have been one of the chief cities of the peninsula of 

 Gujrat. 



From Fa-la-pi to the N. at 1800// (300 miles) to 



No. 105. — Kiu-che-lo, 5000 & (833 miles.) Heretics, numerous: 

 believers, few. The capital is named Pi-lo-ma-lo. (Both bearing and 

 distance point to the modern district of Jodhpur or Marwar, of which 

 one of the principal ancient cities is Banner, no doubt the Pi-lo-ma-lo 

 of Hwan Thsang, as its position corresponds exactly with the descrip- 

 tion. The name of the district would appear to have been Gujara, or 

 Gurjjara-rashtra, the " country of Gujars." In Hwan Thsang' s time 

 therefore this name could not have comprized the peninsula, which was 

 then known under the name of Surashtra. It would be interesting if 

 we could trace the period of the extension of this name to the peninsula. 

 I have a suspicion that it must have taken place after the establishment 

 of the Rahtors in Marwar, when the original inhabitants of Gujara, 

 being dislodged and pushed to the south, sought refuge in Surashtra, 

 to which they gave their own name.) 



Thence to the S. E. at 2800 li (467 miles) to 



No. 106 — U-che-yan-na, Ujjayini, Landresse, 6000 li (1000 miles) 

 in extent. Stupa : the " site of Hell," built by Asoka. (This is no 

 doubt the once celebrated Ujain, as identified by M. Landresse. " Hell" 

 was the name of a prison built by Asoka before his conversion to Bud- 

 dhism, and which he afterwards destroyed.) 



Thence to the N. E. at 1000 li (167 miles) to 



No. 107. — Chi-chi-to, 4000 li (667 miles) in extent. The king 

 is a Brahman, and devoutly believes in the "Three precious ones." 

 (The distance and bearing carry us into the heart of Bundelkhand, to 

 the kingdom of Chachdvati or Jajdvati, and its capital Kajurdha, which 

 are both noticed by Abu Rihan al Biruni. Kajurdha is no doubt the 

 Kragausa Metropolis of Ptolemy. The mention that the king was a 

 Brahman points to a period prior to the establishment of the Chandel 



