1848.] Essay on the Avian Order of Architecture. 279 



side mouldings of the opening by short horizontal returns, whereas at 

 Marttand they spring at once from the sides of the doorway. The or- 

 naments of the two pairs of pilasters which I excavated differ from each 

 other ; and it is possible that different ornaments were used for every 

 pair : but I think it more probable that only these two styles of orna- 

 ments were used for the alternate pairs of pilasters throughout the 

 whole extent of the quadrangle. The tref oiled-heads are shorter, 

 although the doorways are five inches higher than those of Marttand ; 

 but this difference was imposed by the more obtuse angle of the pedi- 

 ment, which heightened its supporting pilasters, and consequently redu- 

 ced the space of the tympanum. The only other difference that need 

 be noticed is, that the capitals of the pilasters are highly ornamented, 

 while the bases are quite plain : a contrast which I have already obser- 

 ved in the treatment of the pillars. 



7. — In the right-hand recess of Plate XVIII. I discovered the pe- 

 destal of a lingani) from which I infer that the whole of these recesses 

 must once have been occupied by emblems of Mahadeva. 



Temple of Avanteswara. 



1. — The raised foundations of this temple, which still exist in a very 

 perfect state, form a square of 82^ feet. The whole of the superstruc- 

 ture has been overturned and the foundation is now covered by a con- 

 fused heap of stones, which from its convenient situation on the im- 

 mediate bank of the river, has no doubt formed a mine of materials for 

 all the principal buildings that have been erected in the capital for several 

 centuries. Thus the foundations and walls of the Juma Masjid, as 

 well as of all the buildings, reservoirs and canals, in the Shalimar gar- 

 den, are constructed of the squared stones brought from Hindu temples ; 

 of which many still retain the Hindu mason's marks, as well as the re- 

 mains of ornamental sculpture. As a proof of the extent to which this 

 temple has been pillaged, I may mention that not a single pillar of the 

 ninety-one which once formed the colonnade of this noble pile now 

 remains. 



2. — This lofty temple was built by Avanti Varmma after his accession 

 to the throne, between the years 854 and 888 A. D., and the edifice 

 must have been worthy of the king. For if its height followed the same 

 proportion of two breadths which is used in all the other temples, it 



