296 Essay on the Avian Order of Architecture. [Sept. 



the quirked ovolo, the Cyma recta, or the Cyma reversa. Anddkdr is, 

 however, the proper name for the quirked-ovolo. When it is decorated 

 with the egg ornament, like the Marttand and Pampur pillars, it is called 

 <ST^ 1 TU Andava-padma, the "egged-lotus." 



Trachelium or Neck ; 3PH, Kantha, or ^TfaT, Grivd, or JT^, Gala. 

 This occurs in every example of Kashmirian capital, immediately above 

 the lower ovolo. Gala is the most common term. 



Torup, $*i^, Kumuda, the "lotus," is a very favorite moulding, 

 both in pillars and in basements. 



XVII.— Of Temples. 



1. — The Kashmirian temples are of three kinds, the oblong, the 

 square, and the octagonal, and these again are subdivided into the 

 closed and the open. The closed temples have only one entrance, and 

 are called f^^T^r, Fimdna, which means literally^ a seat or throne of the 

 gods. The open temples have door ways on all four sides, and are 

 called T?^q", Mandapa, from Manda, ornament, because these open 

 temples are mostly decorated all round, while the inner chambers of 

 the Vimana are generally quite plain. 



2. — Of the oblong Vimdna, the only example that now remains is 

 the temple of Marttand, of which the length is equal to If breadth. 

 It is closed on three sides. Of the square Vimdna, there are, at least* 

 three examples in the cave temple of Bhaumajo, and in the two temples 

 at Pathan. It is probable that there were many more ; for I suspect 

 that the smaller one (and perhaps also the larger one) of the Avantipura 

 temples, was of this description. Of the octagonal Vimdna, only one 

 example now remains in the ancient temple of Jyeshteswara, on the 

 Takht-i-Suliman. 



3. — Of the mandapa there is but one kind of which the best exam- 

 ples are the almost perfect temples of Payach and Pandrethan. The 

 entrance chamber or arddha-mandapa of Marttand is also a perfect 

 specimen of this kind, although attached to a larger building to which 

 it is subordinate. 



