298 Essay on the Avian Order of Architecture. [Sept. 



tipura are to the westward ; those of the Takht-i-Suliman, of Pathan 

 and of Payach, are to the eastward ; while that of the Pandrethan tem- 

 ple alone is to the southward. In the Payach temple the water-spout 

 is on the northern face, which is in accordance with the practice 

 observed in India, where an eastern entrance has a northern water- 

 spout, and a southern entrance an eastern spout. 



4.— rOn the whole, I think, that the general arrangement of the Kash- 

 mirian temples has so much in common with those of India, as to 

 warrant the deduction that the rules of the two countries were originally 

 derived from the same source. 



XIX. — Dimensions. 



1. — The relative proportions observed in the three dimensions of 

 length, breadth and height, offer one of the best means of testing, whe- 

 ther the practice of the Kashmirian architects was independent and 

 original, or was borrowed from that of their Indian neighbours. Unfor- 

 tunately we have only one specimen of an oblong temple to furnish the 

 required proportions between length and breadth, as all the Kashmirian 

 temples, with the single exception of Marttand, are either square or octa- 

 gonal. The length of the Marttand temple is 63 feet, and its breadth 

 36 feet; its length is, therefore, equal to If breadth; or if we compare 

 it with the breadth of the portico, which is 27 feet, then the length is 

 equal to 2^ breadth ; which is a very close approximation to the Hindu 

 rule, given by Ram Raz* of 2\ breadth. It is probable, therefore, that 

 the same proportions between the two dimensions of length and breadth, 

 which were observed in India, were also followed in Kashmir. 



2. — With regard to the Kashmirian temples, there can be little doubt, 

 that the rule which was almost invariably practised, was to make the 

 height of a temple equal to twice its breadth. The single exception to 

 this rule is the cave temple of Bhaumajo, of which the height is only 

 equal to 1^ breadth. This sole departure from the usual custom may, 

 possibly, have been imposed upon the architect, owing to want of height 

 in the cavern ; but the style of the roof itself seems to favor the opinion, 

 that it must have been so designed, and as the proportion is one of those 

 used by the Hindus, I think that there can be but little doubt that the 

 * Hindu Architecture, p. 50. 



