1848.] Essay on the Avian Order of Architecture. 299 



architects of Kashmir observed at least some of the rules that were 

 followed in India. 



3. — Ram Raz, quoting the Kasyapasays,* that " Vimdnas are divided 

 into five sorts, with respect to their magnitude." These are called, 

 1st. — Sdntika, the " quiet looking" or "modest," height = ly breadth 

 2nd. — Panstika, which Ram Raz translates "bulky,". . = 1| „ 

 3rd. — Jayada, the "triumphant" or "excellent," . . . . = 1* „ 



4th.—AdMuta, the "wonderful," = If 



5th. — Sarvakdma, the " all-pleasing," =2 „ 



Of these different kinds that which was most in esteem in Kashmir 

 was undoubtedly the last. The cave temple of Bhaumajo must be 

 ranked as panstika Vimdna or "bulky temple," a name which its 

 massive appearance fully merits. But all the other temples of Kash- 

 mir were certainly of the last kind, the sarva-Mma or " all-pleasing." 

 It is, however, remarkable, that the author of the Raja Tarangini when 

 speaking of the temple of Marttand, calls it adbhuta, the " wonderful," 

 the very name which is applied to another kind of temple of very nearly 

 the same relative proportions, as those of Marttand itself. This epithet 

 of the historical poet I consider as merely an accidental coincidence, 

 for in his first mention of Marttand he calls it sarvatogatam "the all- 

 pervading," a name which is somewhat similar to that of sarva-Mma, in 

 which class the temple of Marttand must undoubtedly be ranked. 



XX. — Basements. 

 1 . — Basements are appropriately called upapita ^pcfte, or " under- 

 seats" by the Hindus and also sometimes adhastha ^st^jt, or " under- 

 fixtures ;" which names are exactly equivalent to the Greek b-nehpa 



and VTTOffT CUTIS. 



2. — The basements of the Kashmirian temples may be divided into 

 two kinds, the massive and the light, according to the character of their 

 mouldings. In Plate VIII. I have exhibited five different specimens of 

 the Kashmirian mouldings, of which three belong to the more massive 

 order, and two to the lighter one. 



3. — The former style which is adapted in the temples of Takht-i- 

 Suliman, Bhaumajo and Payach, is distinguished by a massive filleted 

 torus as the crowning member, with a straight fillet above and below. 

 * Hindu Architecture, p. 49. 



2 t 2 



