302 Essay on the Avian Order of Architecture. [Sept. 



assigned for the erection of the different temples. The only exception is 

 that of Payach but as the four walls of that temple are formed of 

 single stones, nothing is more likely than that the architect should 

 have made them thinner than was the usual custom in his day, chiefly 

 on account of their superior strength, but partly also to lessen their 

 weight in transport. As the other temples at Pathan have small cham- 

 bers on three sides which are constructed in the thickness of the temple 

 walls, the architect was obliged to increase the thickness of the solid 

 parts of the walls to one half of the interior diameter in order to gain 

 sufficient strength and solidity for the support of the massive pyra- 

 midal roof. 



XXII. — Entablatures. 



1. — The Greeks called the whole of the upper part of the super- 

 structure, including the capitals of the columns by the general name of 

 tTTio-TvXLov : but the Hindus discriminate between the capital of a pillar 

 and the entablature itself. The former they call adhistambha ^fa^fW, 

 which means exactly the same as the Greek epistylium : the latter they 

 call urddhasthita or urddhastha, ^3f ^J, the " high fixture," which is 

 equivalent to the Greek eTna-rao-is, although not literally the same. Its 

 exact meaning would be rendered by unroaraais, but I am not aware that 

 such a word has ever been used. 



2. — The upper parts of the temple have in general been so much in- 

 jured and are besides so inaccessible that the correct delineation of the 

 entablatures was a work of considerable difficulty. In the cave temple 

 of Bhaumajo, which is the oldest complete building there is no en- 

 tablature whatever ; unless indeed the narrow line of architrave which is 

 interposed between the top of the walls and the base of the roof can be 

 considered as such. In the next example, that of Payach, this is some- 

 what enlarged, although still of very small dimensions. It however 

 consists of three separate parts, which for the sake of distinction alone 

 may be called architrave, frieze and cornice. The lower member is 

 formed of two plain straight mouldings or bands, of which the higher 

 one projects slightly over the other. The middle member is twice the 

 height of the lower one and consists of a denticulated ovolo ; while the 

 upper member or cornice which is of the same size as the lower one, is a 

 plain straight moulding or band similar to that of the Bhaumajo temple. 



