1848.] Essay on the Avian Order of Architecture. 309 



proportion in its width to that of the temple to which it was attached. 

 This proportion increases gradually from six sevenths, the breadth of 

 the most simple kind, to ten elevenths the breadth of the most mag- 

 nificent. The several names are as follows : 



1. — JDwdra-sobha, the "beautiful gate" — width = f. 



2. — Bwdra-shdla, the "hall-gate," ditto, = f . 



3. — Dwdra-prasdda, the " elegant-gate," ditto, = f . 



4. — Dwdra-harmmya, the " palace-gate," ditto, = ^. 



5. — Gopura, the " town-gate," ditto, = tt, 



If we might judge from the few examples that now remain, none of these 

 Hindu classes would appear to have been known to the Kashmirian 

 architects ; or, if known, they were certainly not followed. For the 

 gateway of Marttand is exactly of the same width as that of the temple 

 itself, while those of Avantipura are only equal to two thirds and to one 

 third of that of their respective temples. The first is equal to the width 

 of the temple itself ; the second to that of its entrance porch ; while the 

 third is only equal to that of its flight of steps. These different grada- 

 tions would seem to point out that the Kashmirians possessed some 

 rules relative to the widths of their gateways which were founded upon 

 the sizes of the principal masses of the temples, and not upon any pro- 

 portional parts of the temples themselves. 



2. — But these are the larger gateways that were constructed during the 

 most flourishing period of Kashmirian architecture. The gates of older 

 times were mere doorways in the enclosing walls. Such for instance is 

 that of the temple of Jyeshteswara on the Takht-i-Suliman hill ; and 

 such also is that of the enclosing wall around the tomb of Zein-ul-ab- 

 ud-din. (See Plate VIII.) This last however is a closed doorway; the 

 actual entrance being a gateway of larger dimensions, similar to those 

 of Marttand and Avantipura. 



3. — The exterior ends of the gateway walls were divided into panels, 

 each decorated with a miniature temple. These ends were in fact only 

 square attached pillars with bases and capitals complete. The gateways 

 were no doubt originally covered by pyramidal roofs and attached por- 

 ticos ; and they were therefore exteriorly only smaller temples. 



4. — It was in their interior arrangement that the gateways differed 

 from the temples, as they were open at both ends. Of the four existing 

 gateways at Marttand, iVvantipura, and Zein-ul-ab-ud-din's tomb, three 



