1848.] Essay on the Avian Order of Architecture. 31 L 



2. — These enclosing walls were called prdhira sn^fTT, both in 

 ancient and in modern times, and in India as well as in Kashmir. I 

 have been unable to discover any rules for their dimensions that would 

 appear to have been followed by the Kashmirian architects, owing per- 

 haps to the fewness of the examples which now exist. I have no doubt 

 however that certain rules were observed, and that they were founded 

 upon various multiples of some of the dimensions of the enclosed 

 temples. Thus the Marttand quadrangle is 220| feet long by 142|- 

 feet broad in the interior ; the former dimension being exactly equal to 

 3^ times the length of the temple, and the latter being 1^- foot more 

 than 4 times its breadth. With the Avantipura temples a similar 

 practice may be traced. Thus the quadrangle of Avantiswami is 172 

 feet long by 146^ feet broad, which dimensions are respectively 5 times 

 and 4£ times the width of the temple. Thus also the quadrangle of 

 the Avanteswara temple is 1 9 1 feet long by 1 7 1 feet broad, or respec- 

 tively 2f and 2\ times that of the temple itself. 



3. — As the fractions of these last proportionals of the Avantipura 

 temples are very small, it seems probable that some other rules must 

 have been observed with them, but of what description it is difficult to 

 conjecture. I have tried multiples of the diagonal lines of the ground- 

 plans, which would seem to answer very well, as the results which they 

 give are in large fractions. In the Avantiswami temple they are 3^ 

 and 3 diagonals, and in the Avanteswara temple 1^ and If diagonals. 

 I do not however lay much stress upon these results, which after all 

 perhaps owe more to chance than to design. 



4. — I say nothing regarding the dimensions of the octangular court 

 which surrounds the temple of Jyeshteswara on the Takht-i-Suliman 

 hill, because its small size was most probably imposed by its confined 

 situation. The space on each side was however exactly equal to one 

 fifth of the diameter of the temple. 



4. — The style of these surrounding walls has undergone even a 

 greater change than that of the temples themselves, although the same 

 predominating forms have been preserved throughout the different 

 gradations, from the most simple to the most magnificent. The earliest 

 of these enclosures is that of the temple of Jyeshteswara, which was 

 most probably built about 220 B. C. In this example I think that I 

 can trace the first germs of the Kashmirian style. The walls which 



