342 Narrative of a Journey to Cho Lagan, fyc. [Sept. 



Gar-Yarsa, which signifies the residence for summer, (from Far, heat 

 or summer), the winter quarters being at Gar, " Gunsa," (from Gun, 

 cold or winter), two or three days further down the river north-west 

 from Gartokh. The two Garpun act jointly, and the court so formed 

 for the administration of the public affairs is termed " Lankya." 

 There is some trifling difference in the rank or authority of the two 

 Garpun ; the senior is styled Urku-gung, in writing abbreviated to 

 U-gung ; and the junior Urku-wa, written TJ-wuk : they are also called 

 Urgu-Ma and TJrgu-Ya respectively, as mentioned by Traill. The 

 Garpun have each a Sherishtadar, Zungnirh, and these two sometimes 

 form an inferior Lankya, for the disposal of minor cases. Nirba 

 (mentioned by Moorcroft,) denotes simply an "Agent" or man of 

 business, of any sort ; Dunik, a writer or Secretary. 



The Zungpun derive their title from Zung, signifying either Fortress 

 or Government, or both ; and most of them still have their head 

 quarters in quasi-forts, most frequently, in Gnari at least, without 

 garrison. They also hold the general government of their several 

 districts. In many places there appear to be two Zungpun acting 

 jointly like the two Garpun of Gnari, as at Saka, centre of the province 

 next east of Gnari, and (according to the man of Lamjung,) at Kirong 

 and Nyanam (?) on the Nipal frontier ; and this perhaps is the usual 

 arrangement where they have independent charge, in direct communi- 

 cation with Lhassa. In the province of Gnari there are four Zungpun, 

 entirely subordinate to the Garpun, in single charge of the four fron- 

 tier stations, viz. on the northward, Rudukh, which includes supervision 

 of the communications with Ladak. 



South-westward Chaprang, including control of the Bisehir frontier* 

 the communication with Chongsa, the Alpine valley of the Jahnavi 

 Ganges, of which Nilang is the principal village, and that by the Mana 

 pass with western British Gurhwal. 



Central, Southward, Daba, (Dapa is a provincialism of the Niti Bho- 

 tias,) the Zungpun of which has charge of all the Niti and Jwar passes 

 on the British frontier of east Gurhwal and western Kumaon ; and 

 south-eastward, Pruang ; head-quarters in Takhla-khar, with surveil- 

 ance of the Darma and Byans passes into eastern Kumaon, and of the 

 road to Humla of Nipal, at the bottom of the Pruang valley. 



These provincial Governors, Garpun and Zungpun, come from Lhas- 



