1848.] British Himalayan Frontier in Kumaon and Garhwdl. 535 



intersections. In such rugged country no good flying-route survey is 

 possible without constant latitudes : I regret that I had no instrument 

 for getting them. I ascertained the deviation of my compass by bear- 

 ings of the principal peaks of the Kumaon snowy range taken from 

 Binsar (a high mountain near Almorah) compared with the protraction 

 of the same upon the Atlas No. 66. This gave an average of some 3^° 

 eastern declination, which I was obliged to apply to my survey of the 

 lakes, &c. as I could get no means of checking my compass on the spot, 

 in the whole course of my route from Almorah to Kangri ; however 

 inaccurate this process and its result may be, it is good enough to match 

 the other operations of my survey. 



My topography of Pruang from a nocturnal survey and bad informa- 

 tion is far from perfect ; some of the villages given in Angil's list are 

 wanting, and the place of others doubtful, but it will give a fair idea of 

 the position of the four principal places, Kardam, Taklakhar, and Jidi, 

 the three Khar and Kajarh (Kocharnatti), of which the second Khar 

 only is exhibited in previous maps under its Hindustani name of " Tak- 

 lakot," and all the rest superseded by names and places purely fictitious. 



It will be observed that in the trans-Himalayan part of my map 

 (as also east of the Kali) I have given a rough representation of hills 

 and mountains over extensive tracts of country which the Atlas (65 and 

 66) leaves all blank. These delineations of the mountains of Gnari, 

 are such as I could make from partial and distant views, with scarcely 

 any data for details or true positions of ridges, &c, but I thought it best 

 to adopt this method, however inaccurate, because the other, contrasted 

 as the blank is with the vivid representation of the cis-Himalayan moun- 

 tains, tends insensibly but forciblly to convey the still more erroneous 

 impression of a vast continuous plain on the north side of the passes, 

 whereas the face of the country of Gnari is, for the most part, extremely 

 mountainous. 



It would have been interesting and useful (and may still be so, should 

 the wanting material be hereafter forthcoming) to compare my delinea- 

 tion of the lakes, and adjacent places, Gangri, &c. with Hearsay's map 

 of the same, but I have not been able to find any authentic copy of the 

 latter, including the parts east of longitude 81°, which lie outside of the 

 Atlas No. 65 ; the last mentioned map does indeed show the north- 

 western part of Rakas Tal, with an effluent falling into the Sutlej be- 



