764 On the Physical Geography of the Himdlaya. [Aug. 



a Jamnoutri 25669 30°55' 78°12' J. A. S. No. 126, As. Res. Vol. XII. 



A Nanda-de\i 25598 30<>22' 79°50' J. A. S. No. 126. 



B Dhoula-giri 27600 29<>10' 83° As. Res. Vol. XII. J. A. S. No. 126. 



C Gosain-than 24700 23°20' 86<> As. Res. Vol. XII. 



D Kangchang 28176 27°42' 88ol0' J. A. S. No. 197, with map annexed. 



E Chumalari 23929 27°52' 89°18' The same. 



e Gemini { 214^6 I 27 ° 50 ' 92 ° 50 ' Pemberton's Report and map. 



The longitudinal dark lines of the map indicate, the upper one, the 

 Himalaya proper, the lower one, the last low range verging on the 

 plains. The transverse or vertical dark lines denote the great peaks 

 with the ridges sent southwards by them. The Himalaya proper is 

 traced along the line of the ghats or water shed between Tibet and 

 India; and the principal passes of Nepal and Sikim into Tibet, or 

 Taklakhar, Mustang, Kerung, Kuti, Hatia, Wallung, Lachen, are set 

 down along the Himalaya, as well for their novelty as to illustrate the 

 ghat line of the snows. 



Along the last low range of hills are marked the position of the 

 Maris or Dhuns, within the range, and the position of the Bhaver and 

 Tarai, without it. 



Sallyan mari, Gongtali mari, Chitwan mari, Makwani mari and Bijay- 

 piir mari, are so many Nepalese samples of those singular quasi 

 valleys, termed Dhuns to the westward.* In the plateau of Tibet I 

 have indicated the limits of the three great trans-Himalayan provinces, 

 or Gnari, extending (from the Belur) easterly to the Gangri boundary 

 range of lake Mepang ; U'tsang, thence stretching to the Gakbo river 

 beyond Lassa ; and Kham, which reaches from the Gakbo river to 

 the Yunling or Peling or limitary range of China and Tibet. Thus, 

 reverting to the regions south of the line of ghats leading into Tibet, 

 we have, clearly defined, the several natural provinces or divisions of the 

 Himalaya, with their causal distribution, as follows, commencing from 

 the westward, 1st, the alpine basin of the Ganges, extended from the 

 peak of Jamnoutri to the peak of Nanda-devi (Juwar or Juwahir,) 

 or, in other words, from east long. 78° 12' to 79° 5(K : 2nd, the alpine 

 basin of the Karnali, reaching from the peak of Nanda-devi to that of 

 Dhoula-giri, or from 79° 50 7 to 83° : 3rd, the alpine basin of the Gan- 

 dak, stretching from the peak of Dhoula-giri to that of Gosain-than, or 

 * See J. A. S. No. 126, p. xxxm. et seq. and p. cxxxtv. 



