766 On the Physical Geography of the Himdlaya. [Aug. 



the Karnalf, as above defined. It includes the political divisions of Kali 

 Kumaun, belonging to Britain, and of the Baisi, or 22 Rajes of Nepal, 

 with Yumila vel Jumla, Doti and Sallyan. In the second basin, or that 

 of the Gandak, we have, successively from the west, as before, the 

 Barigar, the Narayani, the Sweti-gandaki, the Marsyangdi, the Daram- 

 di, the Gandi, and the Trisul. These are the " Sapt Gandaki" or 

 seven Gandaks of the Nepalese, and they unite on the plainward verge 

 of the mountains at Tirbeni above Saran. They drain the whole hills 

 between Dhoula-giri and Gosain-than ; the Barigar and one head of the 

 Narayani, rising from the former barrier, and the Trisul, with every 

 drop of water supplied by its affluents, from the latter. Nor does a 

 single streamlet of the Tirsul arise east of the peak of Gosain-than, nor 

 one driblet of the Barigar deduce itself from the westward of Dhoula- 

 giri. We have thus in the alpine basin of the Gandak another admira- 

 bly defined natural division comprised within two great proximate 

 Himalayan peaks. This division is named, vernacularly, the Sapt 

 Gandaki. It includes the old Choubisi, or 24 Rajes and belongs to 

 the modern kingdom of Nepal. 



Our third sample of a Himalayan natural province conterminous 

 with the utmost spread of the feeders of a large river, and bounded on 

 either hand by a prime snowy peak, is the basin of the Cosi, which, 

 like the Gandak, has seven principal feeders. These are as follows : 

 the Milamchi, the Bhotia Cosi, the Tamba Cosi, the Likhii, the Dud 

 Cosi, the Arun, and the Tamdr. Of these, the Milamchi, rising from 

 Gosain-than, is the most westerly, and the Tamor, rising from Kang- 

 chang, is the most easterly, feeder.* And those two great peaks, with 

 the pre-eminent ridges they send forth southwards, include every drop 

 of water that reaches the great Cosi of the plains through its seven alpine 

 branches. All these branches, as in the case of the Gandak, unite (at 

 Varaha Kshetra above Nathpur) within the hills, so that the unity of 

 this alpine basin also is as clear as are its limitary peaks and its extent. 



The alpine basin of the Cosi is denominated by the Nepalese the 

 Sapt Cousika, or country of the seven Cosis. It comprises the old 

 Rajes of the Kirantis,j- Limbus and Kala Makwanis, and is included, 

 like the two prior basins, in the modern kingdom of Nepal. 



* See J. A. S. No. 189. Route from Kathmandu to Darjeeling. 



f The classical Cirrhatse, and a once dominant and powerful race, though they 



