7/4 On the Physical Geography of the Himdlaya. [Aug. 



Ovis) among the Rodents, the Marmots and Pikas (Lagomys) ; among 

 Plantigrades, the Bears proper (Ursus). In the middle region, true 

 Bovines (Bos) take the place of the Bisons of the upper region ; Ca- 

 prine Antelopes (Nemorhaedus, Kemas) replace its Musks and wild 

 goats and sheep ; common Rats, and Mice, and Hares, and Porcupines, 

 and Hedgehogs, its Marmots and Pikas ; and sun Bears (Helarctos) its 

 true Bears ; whilst the Deer family, unknown to the upper region, is 

 here represented only* by the anomalous stilt-horns (Stylocerus). In 

 the lower region the ox family is represented by Bibos and Bubalus ; 

 (splendid wild types) ; the deer family, here abundant, by Rusas, Stags, 

 Axises, and stilt-horns to boot ; the Antelopes by Tetracerus, or the 

 four-horned kind ; the Rodents by the Bambii rats (Rizorays) and 

 spiny hares (Caprolagus) ; and the bear family by the honey bears 

 (Melursus) ; add to all which that to this region are exclusively con- 

 fined all the large Pachydermes, such as the Elephant and Rhinoceros ; 

 and the Monkeys also (Semnopithecus et Macacus) though not so ex- 

 clusively in their case. The carnivora, again, are represented in the 

 upper region by ounces, by foxes of a large sort (Montanus), by the 

 weasels proper, and by the Ailuri or Cat lories ; in the middle region 

 by the wild Dogs (Cyon), the Marten weasels, leopards, thick-tailed 

 leopards (Macroceloides), wild cats (Murmensis, Pardochrous, Ogilbii), 

 Lybian lynxes (Lybicus). Zibets, Screwtails (Paradoxurus), and Prio- 

 nodons ; and in the lower region by tigers, leopards, hyenas, wolves, 

 jackals,f insectivorous foxes (Kokri), Bear badgers (Ursitaxus), Urvas, 

 Mangooses, Helictes or Oriental gluttons, small civets (Viverrula), 

 Hirsute screwtails, and shapfaced cats (celidogaster) . Zibets recur in 

 this region but rarely, and one small species of Mangoose is found in 

 special spots of the central region. The otters in the upper region are 

 represented by the small golden and brown species (Aurobrunnea) ; in 

 the central, by monticola and indigitata ; in the lower, by the large 



* I am fully aware that Rusas (Samber) are found in the western hills, but a 

 careful consideration of the facts in that part of the Himalaya with due advertence 

 to the known habits of the group, satisfies me that these deer have been driven in- 

 to the western hills by the clearance of the Tarai and Bhaver. 



f Jackals have made their way (like crows) to the most populous spots of the 

 central region, but they are not proper to the region, nor Indian foxes, though some 

 of the latter turned out by me in 1827 in the great valley of Nepal, have multi- 

 plied and settled their race there. Ex his disce alia. 



