1849. J On the Physical Geography of the Himalaya. 775 



Chinese species (Sinensis). Among the squirrels, the great thick-tailed 

 and purple species (Macruroides et Purpureus) belong solely to the 

 lower region ; the small Lokries (Locria et Locroides) to the central ; 

 and the Siberian, to the upper ; whilst flying squirrels, a numerous 

 group, are confined to the central region, so far as appears. In the Bat 

 group, the frugivorous species^ or Pteropines, all are limited to the 

 lower region, whilst the horse shoes (Rhinolophinae) specially affect 

 the central region ; and the bats proper (Vespertilioninse) seem to be 

 the sole representatives of the family in the northern region. From the 

 class of birds we may select as characteristic of the three regions the 

 following : — 



The true pheasants (Phasianus), the Tetrougalli, the sanguine phea- 

 sants (Ithaginis), the horned and the crested pheasants (Ceriornis, 

 Lophophorus) of the upper region, are replaced by fowl pheasants (Gal- 

 lophasis)* in the mid-region, and by fowls proper (Gallas) in the lower. 

 In like manner, among the partridges (Perdicinse), the grouse par- 

 tridges (Tetrauperdix) belong exclusively to the upper region ; the 

 ehakors (Caccabis) and the tree partridges (Arboricola) to the central ; 

 and the Francolines (Francolinus) to the lower, though the black species 

 of this last form are also found in the mid-region. In the pigeon group 

 the blanched pigeons (Leuconta) belong solely to the upper region ; the 

 vinous pigeons (Hodgsoni) to the central, and the green, the golden, 

 and the banded (Treron, Chalcophaps, Macropygia) as entirely to the 

 lower ; the Trerons alone partially entering the central tract from the 

 lower. 



The splendid Edolian shrikes (Chibia, Chaptia, Edolius) belong ex- 

 clusively to the lower region. They are replaced in the central tract 

 by plain Dicrurines, and in the upper, by plainer Lanians. The cotton 

 birds (Campephaga) of the south are replaced by gaudy Ampelines 

 (Cochoa) and Leiothricinians (Leiothrix, Pteruthius, Cutia) in the 

 middle region : but both groups seem excluded from the north. Among 



* The influence of longitude on geographic distribution might be singularly illus- 

 trated, did space permit, from numerous Himalayan groups, Galline and other : 

 thus, for example, a black-breasted Ceriornis is never seen east of the Kali, nor a 

 red-breasted one west of it. So of the black and white crested Gallophases ; 

 whilst a black-backed one is never seen west of the Arun, nor a white back, east 

 of it. 



