786 On the Physical Geography of the Himalaya. [Aug. 



and all south of it ; and this is yet more true of the Ganges, the Monas 

 and the Tishta, though they also have partial trans-Himalayan sources. 

 To those sources of the several Himalayan (so I must call them) rivers 

 above treated of I will now summarily advert. 



The Mdnds. — It is by much the largest river of Bhutan, which state 

 is almost wholly drained by it. It has, (it is said) two Tibetan sources, 

 one from lake Palte vel Yarbro yum, which is a real lake, and not an 

 island surrounded by a ring of water as commonly alleged — the other, 

 from considerably to the west of Palte. These feeders I take to be 

 identical with Klaproth's Mon tchu and Nai tchu vel Lubnak tchu, 

 strangely though he has dislocated them. 



The Tishta is also a fine river, draining the whole of Sikim save the 

 tracts verging on the plains. The Tishta has one Tibetan source, also 

 from a lake, viz. that of Cholamu. To speak more precisely, there 

 are several lakelets so named, and they lie close under the N. "W. 

 shoulder of Powhanry, some 30 miles W. and 40 S. of Turner's lakes. 



The Ariin is the largest of all the Himalayan rivers, with abundant 

 cis-Himalayan and three trans-Himalayan feeders. One, the western, 

 rises from the pente septentrionale of the Himalaya, in the district of 

 Tingri ; another, the northern, from a place called Durre ; and a third, 

 the eastern, from the undulated terraced and broken tract lying N. 

 and a little W. of Cholamu, and S. of Kambala or the great range 

 which bounds the valley of the Yam on the S. from W. of Digarchi 

 to E. of Lassa. 



The Karndli is much larger than the Alpine Ganges, and nearly equal 

 to the Arun, perhaps quite so. It drains the whole Himalaya between 

 the Nanda-devi and Dhoula-giri peaks, and has one considerable Tibetan 

 source deduced either from the north face of Himachal near Momo- 

 nangli or from the east face of that crescented sweep whereby Gangri 

 nears Himachal, and whence the Karnali flows eastward to the Takla- 

 khar pass. 



The Ganges also has of late been discovered to have one Tibetan 

 feeder, viz. the Jahnavi, which, after traversing a good deal of broken 

 country in Gnari between the Sutledge and the Himalaya, passes that 

 chain at the Nilang ghat to join the Bhagarathi.* 



* Moorcroft's Travels. J. A. S. No. 126, and I. S. R. Nos. 17, 18. 



