442 



FOREST T AND v STREAM. 





>, dwarf, leaves green with brig 

 ..■■■'« , rich dark foliage, with brillian 

 r osy, orange-colored flowers; 1 r wt<>r Jsmoinc, green leave 



brilliant flowers; hih.n ■■■'■' ' , large crimson g 



with orange tint; Metailiea, foliage raddy chocolate with 

 bronze lustre, red flown-: '■>■.,,;,,,,; <:■, .!■■.•■,.■• .■:,„, \ <|ecp 

 green leaves, flowers crimson scarlet; Souvenir de Ui/nvx. 

 leave-? green, flowers bright orange edged with gold, and Ed. 

 Morten, a very free fl'rnveriug 'variety, with" light yellow 

 flowers spotted with red. 



Koeest Tbees— Connecticut exempts from taxation for a 

 period of ten years all plantations of forest trees, after Che 

 trees have attained an average height of six feet. The Mas- 

 sachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture offer prizes to 

 be awarded ten years from the 1st of next March, for the 

 best forest of white ash, European larch, and white and Scotoh 

 pines. 



Tbb Allauthus Thee.— Another instance of the poisonous 

 influence of this tree has just came before the New Haven 

 Board of Health. The presence of these trees in many of our 

 cities and towns should receive prompt attention irom sani- 

 tary bodies. To their baneful influence may be attributed 

 many cases of now inexplicable diseases. 



—To protect trees from "forest worms" and other like 

 pests, wash the trunks with lime or soup. Begin very close 

 to the ground and wash upward. This is said to be much 

 better than the common and injurious method of tarring trees. 



—The project of cutting a canal through Cape Cod, which 

 has been talked over since 1776, now promises to be carried 

 out. A company now chartered for the undertaking propose 

 to cut through from Barnstable Cay to Cohasset Narrows. 

 Such a canal would save a distance of tlO miles, and an annual 

 loss of 30 lives and §500,000 worth of property. The cost is 

 estimated at 82,000,000. 



Fi-oba. of Arizona.— J. A. Spring sends to the San Fran- 

 cisco Post an account of the distinctive flora of Arizona. Some 

 peculiar uses of the strange plants are described. 



The candelabra cactus has been employed by the Apache 

 Indians for communicating signals; its height is 15 or 20 feet, 

 but occasionally specimens are found 50 feet high. To make 

 it B signal light it is only necessary to set tire near the ground 

 to one of the vertical rows of prickles with which the plant is 

 adorned ; the flame runs to the top, and the candelabra be- 

 comes a torch. But the plant, is not destroyed, nor indeed 

 apparently injured by such burning on the Surface. When 

 dead and dry the wood is found to be hollow, and it separates 

 at once into a number of sticks or poles, these having been 

 chiefly held together by the rind. The fruit of this cactus 

 makes a pleasant preserve. That of another, the " prick Iv 

 pear, " is well known to travelers. The. young leaves of the 

 prickly pear cactus are cooked as a vegetable, the dish pro- 

 duced being something like string beans in appearance and 

 taste : the leaves are also highly esteemed for use in making a 

 poultice to draw a splinter. ' The "niggerbead" cactus fur- 

 nishes ready made, fish hooks in countless numbers ; by sur- 

 rounding the plant with fire it produces water for the thirsty 

 traveler, the heat driving its fluids to the interior, whence 

 nearly a half gallon is obtained. "Maguey" is a palatable 

 preparation made by roasting the leafy heads of the century 

 plant ; it saved a whole garrison in Arizona ten years ago from 

 scurvy. The "ocotillo" is an assemblage of green poles, 10 to 

 15 feet long, joined only at the base. Each pole is surmounted 

 by a scarlet flower. The poles are cut oil and planted (root- 

 less) as fences, and continue green for several years, but do 

 not flower if the tops are cut off. Very serviceable fences art; 

 thus obtained, as the poles have sharp thorns in vertical rows. 

 Among the valuable timber trees of Arizona is the mesquite; 

 in the summer months a gum flows from this tree which has 

 all the good properties of gum arabic, and if clarified cannot 

 be distinguished from the medicinal gum. It seems not im- 

 probable that some of the products peculiar to the Territory 

 may have a commercial value. 



To Akkangb a Stumpert.— Before all the old tree stumps 

 have been blown in pieces by the new blasting powders, which 

 do their work so thoroughly, let us plead that one may lie dug 

 out in the old-fashioned way. It is a troublesoiue'piece of 

 v,"i'k, we acknowledge but we knoy, of no cheaper ornament. 

 for the lawn, aud few afford equal satisfaction. 



Select a stump of good shape— one from which the tree has 

 been sawed off smooth and flat. In digging out cut off the 

 Straggling fine roots, but leave the stump as scraggy as you 

 can. When you have selected a location for it, dig and en- 

 rich the ground thoroughly so that any vines you may plant 

 around it. will have good soil. You will need horses or oxen 

 to draw it to its place, as a stump of any size is very heavy. 

 Set it firmly in its place, root end upward. Now we have a 

 stump, and the question is what to do with it. It, is far from 

 being ornamental as it stands, but have patience for two 

 months and you will hardly recognize tin; rough Bcraggy 

 thing. 



To prepare the stump for its pretty summer dress, have 

 plenty of line rich earth, and put it in every corner where 

 et.rthVill lodge. You will find many plae.es among Hie renin 

 where you can have quite a depth of soil. As to what plants shall 

 be Bet out, a stump oilers almost unlimited resources. There 

 should be plenty of vines to droop over the sides, and erect 

 plants to give height, it is also a very pretty place to pot such 

 small plants as look well in the summer. The pot can be put out 

 of sight among the roots, and you have the advantage of being 

 able to change the plants as soon as they lose their beauty. 

 Our plan with a stump is to fill it in, the first season, with 

 annual vines and short-lived plants that, grow rapidly ; plant- 

 ing in the ground at the base, at the same time, some hardy 

 vines that will do their duty in years to come. 



We have a stump covered with an interlacing pf Maurandia, 

 balloon vine, canary bird flower, and nasturtium — with terns 

 roriegated vica, lobelia, aud a Daacona in a pot. Of course a 

 Stump planted in this way needs as much watering as a gar- 

 den vase, but meanwhile your hardy vines are growing, aud 

 in a year or two your stump will not need repleni. 

 spring, but will be covered beautifully with grucefi 



ing vines that will only require the ground a,bou£ them kept 



rich, and this can be done by forking in manure in the spring. 

 A prettier effect is produced when two kinds of vines are 

 planted We have seen no fini abb iti ms than the golden- 

 leaved honey-suckle and cl - |ackmani. The yellow 

 leaves of the ormi i ntrastbi in fully with the deep purple 

 (lowers of the latter, which, has also the advantage of being of 

 rapid growth and blooming all summer. Hall's ever-blooming 

 honey-suckle and clematis flammiila are also good— the latter 

 looks well alone, and will cover the stump like a snow-wreath. 

 For fine foliage alone we would suggest the akebia quinata, 

 with beautifully-shaped leaves, and the variegated eissus. Al- 

 most all hardy vines arc. suitable foi this 'purpose. These 

 seen, to delight iu clambering over .attire's own 



making, We should except, however, the Wistaria, Virginia 

 creeper and trumpet creeper, whose growth is far too rampant 

 for such small quarters.---. tfn ■- -/• /■. 



LAWN8. — Mow lawns sufficiently often to preserve a ncu- 

 appearance, as, when the grass is' allowed to get too long 

 without cutting, instead of saving it entails more labor. 

 During the summer months mowing machines should be set 

 so as to leave the grass half an inch longer thau earlier in the 

 season and late m the autumn ; this is especially needful 

 where the land is dry. and the roots of the grass are liable to 

 be burnt up. — Scientific American. 



, betwei 



A Cossack aud His Horse.— A correspondent of the Timet 



gives the following laughable proof of the perfect understand- 

 ing and sympathy that 

 master. "Many storiesa 

 in obtaining what the 

 and all tend to show Ihu 

 to thill of European , 

 stories may possibly ba 

 general tone of feeling a 

 reckless, merry troops, 

 the thin, weary-looking I 

 lay ajparentlv'li Mess on 

 even to tears, and bewail 



o tly pi '". ' i! him of a fa 

 the most interesting rnou 

 1. and i 



I ■ nek horse and his 

 e told of the cleverness of the Cossacks 

 r need for themselves or horses, 

 , their morality is of a different type 



ivilizuiiun generally. Some of the 

 •e been invented, but they show the 

 id what is expected from these quaint, 

 Passing through the streets ■ ,i < ' ,h 

 horse of a Cossack fell Maidenly and 

 the grounds. Its master was moved 

 :tl the unhappy fate which had not 

 Write, but left' him horseless just at 

 eut of the war. A crowd gathered 

 whose kind hearts would not suffer 

 them to leave the poor man without some practical expression 

 of their pity A subscription was made, and the man, taking 

 the saddle from the lifeless animal, went on his way with dried 

 tears, fOI he had actually wept. As the crowd were bending 

 over the little horse in pure sympathy, a whistle was heard at 

 the other end of the street. The horse sprang to his reel , and 

 with a joyful neigh joined his master, whose'clever trick was 

 much admired, even by those who suffered by it." 



—A correspondent of the Boston Jmirmd gives his experi- 

 ence iu outwitting the mosquitoes, by constructing an insect- 

 proof tent. 



Two stakes, three feet high, with a pole across the top, made 

 the framework, over which the big sheet was put, with the 

 edges extending out over the grass three or four feet. These 

 extended flaps were loaded with stones and wood, so that m,ta 

 fly could crawl under. One end was closed in the sarin; way, 

 and the other shut down after we had crawled in, and the 

 edges pinned closely. Of course the interior was small, and 

 the ventilation not of the best, but during a week in the mos- 

 ijuito land scarcely one of the pests succeeded in effecting ttn 

 entrance. Sound sleep left us iu the best of condition to sail 

 and fish, and not once did the tent fail to protect us. 



The tent should be a simple parallelogram, a little longer 

 than wide, and sufficiently large to extend several feet along 

 the grass. With proper cloth the ventilation is not bad. The 

 heat of a close tent, however, is little annoyance compared 

 with mosquitoes. 



\ht Sqnnt{l 



To CoiiHhsrasiiENTS.— Those desiring us to prescribe for their dogs 

 will pleaee take note of and describe the following points in each ant 

 niul : 



.1. Age. 1. Pood and medicine given. 8. Appearance of the eye ; 

 of the coat ; of the tongue and lips. 4. Any changes in the appearance 

 of the body, iib bloating, drawing in of tho flank*, etc. E. Breathing, 

 the number of respirations per minute, and whether labored or not. 

 B. Condition ot the bowels aud accretions of the kidneys, color, etc. 7. 

 Appetite; regular, variable, etc. 8. Temperature of the body us Indi- 

 cated by the bulb of the thermometer when placed between the body 

 and the foreleg. 9. Give position of kenuel and surroundings, outlook, 

 contiguity to other buildings, and the nses ot the latter. A ISO give any 

 peculiarities of temperament, movements, etc., that may be noticed ; 

 signs of suffering, etc. 



CANINE THERAPEUTICS AND PA- 

 THOLOGY- Fourth Paper. 



ANATOMY OF THE DOG As OOUCAKliD WITH MAX. 



First Sbotion. 



IK these days, when the Outlines of anatomy and physiology 

 are taught hi the public school, it does not seem necessary 

 to offer any apology for a few chapters upon this subject, par- 

 ticularly as it is essential to the perfect understanding of 

 therapeutics; and, moreover, is a subject of which every 

 sportsman should be well informed, and of which so many are 

 ignorant. 



We may first observe of the dog that its legs arc shorter in 

 proportion to the trunk than in man, the length of whose 

 steps depends entirely on the extent of his inferior extremities. 

 However, to balance this, the trunk of the dog is propor- 

 tionately longer and smaller, and bis spine more flexible, by 

 which he is able at each step to bring his posterior extremities 

 nearer to the anterior. His common integuments are much 

 the same as with other animals, except they allow less passage 

 for perspiration, the superfluous matter finding an exit by 

 the salivary glands ; for, when over-heated, be lolls out his 

 tongue and slavers plentifully. This is in accordance with 

 the well-known physiological law of elimination , any one 

 otgan of the economy readily adopting the duties of another 

 lutely essential, aeliug as a SQJ1 



balance, The perspiratory glands of the doj 



lo the work or regulating the tei 1] body 3 ex- 



cept under the, ordinary conditions of life, They tire not sus- 

 ceptible of tire stimulation that may occur to similar organs of 

 man, and consequently the excess Of fluid accumulated by 

 over exertion is excreted by other glands. This removal 

 allows of greater exertion than when the evaporation is more 

 general, as causing less bodily depression. In the dog the 

 minute blood vessels pour out their ingredients into the slender 



cavities Of the glandular tubes, and these, as the; 



filled, discharge their contents through their external openings 

 in the skin, so that the skin is constantly exuding a watery 

 fluid upon the surface. Nevertheless, wc do not see this 

 fluid ; indeed, it does not remain upon the skin, but is at 

 once taken up by the atmosphere and dissipated by evapora- 

 tion. No better proof of the insensible transpiration of the 

 skin is needed Hum the fact that the animal has an odor pe- 

 culiar to itself. 



It is generally asserted that tire pyramidal muscles are 

 wanting in the dog. This is a fact ; and, paradoxical as it 

 may be, untrue also. In man the same is frequently wauling; 

 or, when piescnt, found upon one side only. So, with the 

 dog. they are frequently absent, but in i I,,-, proportion 61 

 cases may bo detected iu a rudimentary form upon one side. 

 1 I ' i'i is inserted directly into 



the m pubis. 



The oMi-ntwm reaches down to the on pubis, which, consid- 

 ering the posture of the animal, is a wise provision, since 

 Us use is to provide lubricating material for the intestines. 

 and thus facilitate peristaltic motion. Man in his erect pos- 

 ture is supplied by gravitation, but: the horizontal position of 

 lemandB the extension of the omentum that every 

 portion of the bowels may receive the necessary fluid. The 

 inferior and anterior lamella} of the omentum is fixed to the 

 spleen, fundus of the stomach, pylorus, liver, etc., in the 

 same way as in the human ; but the superior, having no colon 

 to pass over, goes directly to the vertebral column. This 

 serves to explain the formation of the small omentum in the 

 human body, which is nothing hut the huge omentum de- 

 prived of its fat passing over the stomach and colon, where it 

 reassimies its pmgucdo : so proceeds and is firmly attached to 



,e liver, spine, etc. The stria- of fat arc pretly regularly 

 impanylog the distribution of the 

 ) from pressure of the snper-incum- 



disposed thr 



blood vessel to guard the 



bent > 



The stomach beai - - 



subject, but is somewhat 

 more longitudinal. 

 accommodate themselves 

 they arc contained ; that, 

 down with respect to tl 



neat I in* gross food has 



-.'-', nbl ace to that of the human 

 sitUfi : d. It is placed 

 all the other viscera, in 



Of the cavity in which 

 i ■',.■ orifice is much further 

 cardiac than in man. by which 

 -j easier passage into the duodenum. 

 The fundus of the human stomach stands almost directly for- 

 ward when distended, owing to its orifices being tied down to 

 the spinal column by the omentum; but in the canine .,,,i,j, , 

 the fundus is i :,., . ,„„. er'mr, which answers very well, the 



u i ' a.i i-aviiii .-■. 1 1 1" distance between the cai diat 



and fundus beiug greater than that between the two sides. 



Ch, toi , is much larger in proportion, that it may 



"in greater quantity of i'ood at once, which is very ne- 



■ .is, as it does not get its sustenance as men do. iu u 



billion is not so large, nor is there anycoarcti onarag the 



arnirwn WiUstl I, is considerahlj thicker and more musou- 

 lar, however, in order to break up n id I lacerate the food, 

 which is usually swallow, I with but slight mastication. The 

 ii""e i i.'n..i, a ill. ,.,i .:i i i., i iei u -" n. ■(■ .a! uated traiiB. 



versely. but go from one orifice to another. The reason of 



this is. pe 

 jured by 

 upon; loi 

 The in 

 food wilic 

 lies, there 

 contents i 

 served in 

 is also mu 

 son. 



the i 



ith 



thai they might be in less danger of being in- 

 nrd substances the animal frequently feeds 

 reason there is no conrction at. the pylorus. 

 i are proportionately much shorter, for the 



tural lo the animal soon dissolves and pulrc- 



i" occasion for a long tract of bowel, as tho 



tctlation. The same may ba ob- 

 livnra. and the muscular coat, of the intestines 

 iker than in man. evidently for I he same rca- 



The valvular convenients are few and placed longitudinally. 

 Along the whole alimentary tract also a slime is exuded, Seem- 

 ingly for the purpose of lubric ition, facilitating the passage of 

 and guarding against the acrimony of the excrewontious "mat- 

 ters. 



The duodenum differs considerably iu its situation, being 

 fixed at the pylorous to the surface of the liver, hanging 

 loose and pendulous With the mesentery backwards into the 

 cavity of the abdomen : then turning upward again is fixed lo 

 the V-ertebral column, when; it ends in the jcjuummi. The 

 bile and pancreatic juice are poured into the mosl dependent 



pari of the duodenum, apparently with the view of giving the 

 ehvle.atiei the fluids of tin- live) and pancreas are poured into 

 it, a disadvantageous course that they may become the more 

 intimately mixed before entering the jejunum, where the lac- 

 teals are very numerous. Thus by reason of then 

 posture, the same design ifl brought, about in both [he canine. 



and human subject, though trj a rerj different order of the 



[tarts. 



With the exception of being proportionately shorter, the 

 other small intestines are the same as in man. The large 

 I hi also shorter, and less capacious.- and it may be 

 taken as a general rule that all animals whieh live on vegeta- 

 ble food have nut only their small intestines proportionately 

 longer, but the greater more capacious than those that, are in- 

 tended to Iced upon llcsh alone. The reason for this differ- 

 ence :• ms to be that animal food is not only much more 



easily converted into chyle, but also more prone to putre- 

 faction, consequently too long u remora ol the juices rnighl 

 occasion serious results. Bo it becomes necessary thai their 

 receptacles should aol be loo capacious, but, on the contrary, 

 being short and narrow may conduce to the seasonable dis- 

 ci, si-: ■ ■' e.'i; rontents. Bui, vegetable diet uudcrgoiug 

 slower transformation, is a necessity thai, such creature* 88 

 feed thereon possess a long intestinal canal, that the 

 its passage may be considerably retarded, and liave 

 change its indoles into one more agreeable to the naturi 

 consumer. 



The upjinuUx rermfyormte justly enough deserves the name 

 '■ ei in this animal, though in man n 

 On its internal surface may be observed a great n 

 mucous glands, which, as they all seorete a slimy I 

 i 



