.46 



FOREST AND STEEAM. 



A WEEKLY JOURNAL, 



Ukvoteh to Field and Aqcatio SroitTS, Practical Natural History, 

 Fish Culture;, tub Protection or- ';.\.mi:. I'reskkvationoitForkbts, 

 AND THE INCULCATION IN MBN and WOMEN OK A LiKAl.THY INTEREST 



in Out-Dour Uecrkation and Study: 



PUBLISHED BY 



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NEW YORK, THURSDAY, AUGUST 2. 1877. 



To Correspondents. 



,,,■., 



companled with real n 

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 BT Trade supplied by American News Company. 



CHARLES IIALJ.OCK, Editor. 

 T. C.BANKS, S. II. TURRILL, Chicago, 



s Manager. Western Manager. 



CALENDAR OF EVENTS FOR THE COMING 

 WEEK. 



Friday, August 8.— Trotting: Buffalo, N. Y. ; Freeporl, 111., Jeffer- 

 son, O. Running mecnuir: Saratoga. IN. Y. Base ball: Hartford vs. 



■in i illadelphia ; Attdetic vs. Hartford, at PhilaaelphJa ; Bos- 

 ton vs. Allegheny, at PiiKlmri.'; Auburn vs. Haymaker, at Lansing- 

 Inte vs. Coboes, at i i noes, '-. v.; sua- vs. Sylvan of New 

 York, at Greenville. Cricket-: Ottawa VS. Port Hope, at Ottawa. 

 Creedmoor: Infantry, 2d brigade, 1st division. 



Saturday, August 4.— Runuing meeting .it Saratoga. Baseball: St. 

 Louis vs. Cincinnati, at OincinfiaTi; LiasRfi B, ArUogton of s. I., at 

 West Brighton ; Magnolia vs. A st.of , at suiplctou, S. 1.; Resolute vs. 

 Haymaker, at Lanringburg: Star vs. Clipper ol New iork.at Green- 

 ville; Orange vs. Che-;- Ori age; Lafayette vs. Winona, at Brook- 

 lyn ; Boston vs. Afflict i . " :nie'.r.liia ; Mancli-.'si i vs. recumseh, 

 at, London, can. Cricket as above. Hegattos: n lassi Mass.) Yacnt 

 Club, South Shore: San Francisco Yacht Club, creedmoor: in:nij 

 A.M.. sixth competition for Sharps little c. .. p. ,/,■ : j .v., .'■„■, ,.,,, a 

 Heginreut Knle Club Competition for Diamond Badge. 



LvguBt 6.— Base ball: Boston vs. Athletic, as above; Man- 

 j*estervs.Teci i i Oove; OMcago vs. Louisville, at Looisville; 

 si. Loin;- vs. Cincinnati, at Cincinnati: .I.-IKtsou of Lirooklyn vs. Mom- 

 tor, at Waterbtiry. Kegatta of ioveia-nic linwmg ciul. New Orleans; 

 regatta of Roekaway Yacht Club, creedmoor: Infantry, 3d brigade, 

 1st division. 



Tuesday, .la ■ lg: Hudson. N.\ Y. : Plan. ins small, 111.; 



Tiskllwa, III. ; Sullivan, 111. Base bull: Cincinnati vs. Chicago, at Chi- 

 cago: Louisville vs. St. Louis, in St. Louis; Boston vs Hartford, at 

 Brooklyn; Indianapolis ■.. Chicago, at Indianapolis; Lafayette vs. 

 Union, at Brooklyn. Regattas: Scull race (or championship of Hall- 

 fax Harbor; Riverside, as above; Kockawaj Yacht ciub, as above. 

 Creedmoor : Competition for selection of American Team. 



Wednesday, August 8.— Trotting, as above. Base ball: 

 Hartford, at Brooklyn ; iMatneinater v.-. _'-lai 

 Creedmoor: Competition for Ainr-rn a 11 i-i 

 mem Competition for the "Rules:'' also 

 Special Military Prize. 



Thursday, August 0.— Base ball: Manchester vs. Maple Leaf, as 

 above. Scull race between Hosmer and Dr.seoi:. Regatta of West 

 End and Lake-man Clubs at Silver Lake, Mass. Creedmoor : In tanlry, 

 Sth brigade, 2d division. 



The Bditob Afloat. — The editor of this paper has devoted 

 himself with wearing assiduity to book and paper making for 

 the past, year, and needs a rest. The results of his labors are 

 shown in the improved and enlarged Foeest and Stream, and 

 more especially in the very complete encyclopedia which has 

 recently been published under the title of "The Sportsman's 

 Gazetteer and General Guide." This volume contains 900 

 pages, of which 250 are in small type, and covers more ground 

 than any kindred work extant. The labor bestowed upon 

 this book has been immense, aud certainly entitles the editor 

 to an extended vacation. To-day he follows the steps of illus- 

 trious predecessors and goes West, intending to visit northern 

 Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Manitoba. 



Mr. Hallock will return by the 1st. of October, at, which 

 time we shall look to the columns of the paper for evidences 

 of his recruited health. The Western railroad oompani sha 1 

 voluntarily extended every courtesy to him, and It will not be 

 the fault of considerate officials if new vigor is not infused into 

 his body aud mind by bis tour through northern Mleliigi 

 Wisconsin. 



, ■ ; 1 1 : I 

 m, 3 p. m.; St 

 competition for Sharps 



THE GAME OK CHESS-Sci Paper. 



TO refer, again to the origin of chess, while discne I ie 

 modifications to yvbich it has been subjected by the lapse 

 of time. It is now acknowledged that the best menus of dis- 

 sipating the obscurity which involves Ibis subject consists in 

 the philological analysis of the terms of this game used among 

 the different, nations, and in the examination of the rules to 

 which they submit in playing. We shall not repeat, here all j 

 the results of this research, it will be sufficient to mention the < 

 principal conclusions drawn: 1. That the noble amusement j 

 is of Indo- Persian origin. g. That, it waaimknpwn to Grssco- 

 Romau antiquity. 3. That it was the Arab ■ 

 course of their conquests, introduced it, into Spain and Sicily, j 

 whence it spread into Italy, France, England and Germany. 

 4. That in Europe it. has experienced many important changes 

 in the terms as well as in the rules of the game. 



These results, though very a ecurale, being principally drawn 

 from certain linguistic and Historical data, it would surely be 

 interesting to confirm by the witness of a nation which should 

 have received the game of chess, not of the Spaniards and Ital- 

 ians (who, as before noted only received it through the me- 

 dium of Arabians), but directly from East India— Persia itself. 

 This nation is the Russian, or Muscovite, which, in the almost 

 complete state of isolation in whiehit remained during severs 

 ages, after its conquest by the Moguls (and even n. century be- 

 fore), up to the time of Peter the Great, could only learn the 

 game of chess from its ancient conquerers, who themselves 

 learned it from the Persians, 



It has never been doubted that chess was already played in 

 Russia during the interval of time mentioned. It. is therefore 

 necessary to cite but one of the hundreds of historical date- 

 that of Czar John the Terrible playing a game of chess with 

 one. of his favorites at the moment, of being struck with apo- 

 plexy. This happened in 1584. 



Besides, were then- QOt any historical proof, any public no- 

 toriety, philology is there with its clear incontestil n fai i to 

 dissipate, the least, doubt which might exist. We know the 

 very extraordinary etymology of the rjuem of the game of 

 Chess, an etymology which has only luflcrly been clearly 

 made out. Prom the primitive Persian word f,r; i corresppnd- 

 iug to the Turkish vizier), which means the comn a I 

 chief of the army, the ancient French he Si ..... ,■■ 

 theujuirlit, then vicrge, which they afterward replaced by the 

 queen. In the same mauuer the Italians, the Germans- and, 

 in imitation of them, all the Western nations— have taken the 

 fens for a virgin, or queen, flow do you suppose this piece is 

 culled in Russian? it is called precisely fir: ; a word which 

 in the language of the country signifies nothing at all, so that 

 the Russians who arc not linguists (lhat is to say the greater 

 number), are absolutely undecided as to the gender of the sub- 

 stantive, and decline it sometimes with the masculine, some- 

 times with the feminine, preoccupied as they are With the idea 

 of the queen. Is any more striking proof needed as to the 

 origin of the game? Besides the interpellation whaka. which 

 signifies chess in Russian as in German, is it not nt. il, : 

 dressed to the Persian king, or ruler Schskah? 



Here follows a philological data quite as striking. We know 

 that from the Arabian alfd (al is the article), which means the 

 elephant, the Italians have made aljire, and the French hfrf, 

 then tefol. Well! how is this piece named in Russian? Pre- 

 cisely stone, the elephant. Certainly those denominations can- 

 not be borrowed from the West, 



The king is called tsar (king), as it ought to be. The knight, 

 kotjne, which signifies courser, horse. The pawn, piediku, n 

 characteristic denomination, and appropriated exclusively to 

 this single object ; it means merely a little infantry soldier. 



That which is very singular is the name of the castle— it is 

 called ladia (vessel). This denomination can only proceed 

 from a mistake. The ancient Muscovites must have taken for 

 vessels the figures of war chariots, constructed nearly in the 

 form of vessels. But it is essentially necessary to remark that 

 these denominations are ancient— that not one of them indeed 

 is modern. The Kussian monarch has not for a long time been 

 called Czar, he is called Emperor; the knight is no longer 

 called k/jgne, but loohad; the vessel is no longer called ladia, 

 but korable; the preceding denominations only exist in the 

 written language and not in the spoken language. In a word 

 ferz and pi<:eh/ca, as we have said, signify nothing out of the 

 region of chess. Here is a manifest proof of the antiquity of 

 chess in Russia, for these denominations of the piece, ■■. onlj 

 have been invented at a period when they were still in use in 

 the spoken language. 



We know that since Peter the Great, the manners, the cus- 

 toms, the language even of foreigners have invaded Russia, and 

 Chess has felt their influence. At first the foreigners have as- 

 pired to change the name of the pieces, and some modern Rus- 

 sians, little scrupulous, have imitated them. From tsaf they 

 have I tied 10 make learol which is only applied in Russia to ihc 

 kings of Western Europe. From ferz, the General, they have 

 tried to make korolena, a queen of Western Europe. From 

 ladia they have made bachnia, a castle. Some have pushed 

 their audacity so far as to name the bishop, or tool, elephant 

 but all Russians who attach any value to the purity 

 of their language, as well as the preservation of what is good 

 in their ancient customs, agree in repelling these foreign inno- 

 vations. In truth, if the Russians have any need to envy the 

 Western nations it is certainly not t u OS rai| ill Led the Gen- 

 eral Of their chess army into it virgin, or a queen ! 



In the meantime, if the national denominations were pre- 

 served, the rules at least of the West prevailed in Russia, We 



feel sure from reading ancient authors— for example, L p 

 that Lire castle, at any rate the manner of castling as 

 practiced, did not anciently exist, Besides the Turks, the Per. 

 sinus, the Georgians (and there are players of the first strength 

 in Georgia, where the nobility matte a special study of the 

 game) do not castle up to the present time. Do we wish for a 

 philological but sure proof that up to Peter the Great they did 

 not ensile in liu-sh ( How is castling called in Russia? Roki- 

 rorotil, a word v, hie.h has neither grammatical Russian form 

 norTOOt, and which is directly taken from the German i 

 rev. The Hussinus have, besides, borrowed UlBfulaws from 

 the Germans, their masters in the military art. Thus, the lat- 

 ' QOtpenSoitl ho plurality of the queen, thcRussians have 

 imitated them, aud we must, to have a new one, absolutely 

 wait until we are widowers of the first. A small nun 

 of amateurs of the St. Petersburg Club, having felt how much 

 more natural and equitable the French and English laws are in 



this respect, have abolished i Ln leed ibis hard 



and unjust German usage. 



In the early days of the game the powers of the queen were 

 but small. The chess-boards used by Tamerlane were larger 

 '< nun v tnon ■ marcs than those al present in use, 

 cited two new i ed to the eightcom- 



monlyin use. One of the* , ;h hi a led 



placed between the king's knight and castle: the other, named 

 centaur, between the Queen's knight and castle, has the move 

 of the bishop and knight united. This invention, l i evei 

 did not survive its author. In another of this kind the two 

 additional pieces are called the centurion aud deouHoA; the 

 former situated between the king and Ms bishop, in its move 

 the same with that of the queen, but only for two squares; the. 

 latter moves us the bishop, but only one square at a time. 

 Tins, like the former, died with its inventor. 



The chess-board Of Tamei-Iaiua was a parallelogram, having 

 eleven squares one way and twelve the other. In the memoirs 

 of jiaisliall Keith we find it related that he invented an amuse- 

 ment something similar to that of chess with which tho king 

 of Prussia Was highly entertained. Several thousand small 

 statues were cast by a founder; aud these were ranged opposite 

 to eaoh other as if they had been drawn up in an army, mak- 

 ing the different movements with them as in real service in 

 the field, 



There is an amusing variety al, the , j in Which 



the king with eight pawns engages the whole set. lo 

 |i aa - ,l i i ajake two moves for every one of his adversary. 1 U\ 

 this he is almost certain ot morions, as lie can 



make his first move into oln i i,,:i out of it, Thus 



be can take the queen when she si anth immediately before her 

 Icing, and then retreat, for he cannot remain in check. He can- 

 not be checkmated unless his adversary has preserved his queen 

 and both castles. 



It seems improper to close this article without some allusion 

 to the wonderful chess automaton widen astonished 

 a century since. 



In 1738 there was exhibited, in Paris, an androides, or au- 

 tomaton flute-player, the invention of M. Vancansin, of the 

 Royal Academy of Sciences. This stimulated M. de Kempler 

 of Presburg, Hungary, who declared that he would aot m 

 equal, but excel M. de Vancauson. This he did in 1769, pre- 

 senting to the world his wonderful chess-player, Nqw, all 

 must know that chess, SO far from being mechanically per- 

 formed, requires a greater exertion of the judgment and ra- 

 tional faculties than is suffiei i Epl ,in ■■■■, ..mplishincnl of the 

 majority of matters of greater importance. I 

 to make a Wooden chcs3 player must appear as ridiculous as to 

 make a wooden clergyman i this, however, is not so difficult 



ippo a, ,i or Secretary of State. That tin 

 was made, however, there is no doubt, as it was exhibited in 

 England for upward of a year— 178i-5. 



It was a figure as large as life, in Turkish dress, sitting be- 

 hind a table, with doors three feet and a half in length, twoiu 

 depth, and two and a half in height. The chair on which it sat 

 was fixed to the table, which was mounted on wheels. The. 

 automaton sat with the right arm on the table, the left hold- 

 ing a pipe ; this was the arm used in playing ig 

 removed. A chess board of eighteen inches was fixed 

 upon the table in front of the figure. The table, or rather 

 cupboard, contained Wheels, levers, cylinders, and other 

 pcices of mechanism, all of which were publicly displayed. 

 ■ ■hts of the figure being removed showed the body 

 full of like appliances. zV little door in the thigh being 

 opened, the vestments removed, and all the doors open, Mr. 

 Kompliu would wheel his automaton through the audience 

 which he is entertaining, inviting the closest scrutiny and in- 

 spection. 



When about to play, the doors were all shut, and the au- 

 tomaton always made the first move. At every motion, wheels 

 were heard ; the image moved its head, and looked over every 

 part of the board. When it gave check to the queen 

 its head twice, and thrice when the check was to the king. It 

 likewise shook its head whan a false move was made, replaced 

 the piece, and made its own move, by which means the ad- 

 versary lost One. 



M, de Kempelen remarked as the most surprising circum- 

 stance attending his I ' ■ thai " 1 1 nl been exhibited in 



the largest cities of Europe to thousands, 

 were, mathematicians and chess-players, .. 

 ■■■■■I i bl igi fOrnfli '■'■' an ' its arm was never discov- 

 ered. He prided himself - onstructioa of the 

 mechanical powers by which the arm could perform ten or 

 twelve moves. If ( In-n required to he wound up, after wliieh 



