INTRODUCTORY. 3 



As stated above, the present work aims at being an extension in 

 a south-easterly direction of the geological 



New features in this . . . 



work due to better operations described in that memoir. Owing to 

 the possession of better maps, it has been pos- 

 sible to accomplish this in more detail than was possible in 1864. 

 Much of the ground herein covered has been topographically sur- 

 veyed by the Forest Survey, on a scale of 4 inches to the mile. 

 These maps leave nothing to be desired, and are invaluable in a 

 country of dense jungle and few landmarks, such as the Sub- 

 Himalayan tract. Wherever I have been able to use them, I have 

 been constantly reminded of the debt of obligation the geologist 

 owes to the conscientious map-maker. The i-inch maps of the 

 Trigonometrical Survey are available for the whole of Garhwa"l and 

 Kumaun ; and I have worked with them in the field, wherever the 

 larger ones were not yet published. For the coloured maps accom- 

 panying this work, I have been compelled to be content with the £ inch 

 atlas sheets; which are reduced from the 1 -inch maps. Though very 

 good as a whole, their accuracy is not to be depended upon in the 

 intricate wooded districts. The chief features of novelty, thereforei 

 that I would claim for this book, in advance of Mr. Medlicott's, are con- 

 nected with the closer and more accurate delineation of the geology 

 rendered possible by these better maps ; together with such ampli- 

 fications and modifications of that author's theory of the Sub- 

 Himalaya as have been brought to light by the foregoing advantages 

 in a tract of country naturally endowed with clear and convincing 

 sections. 



Even without any new features whatever, I slyuld have very little 

 n . hesitation in placing the results of my work 



Popular misconcep- r o 



tionsastothe upheaval before the public, inasmuch as there is perhaps 



of the Himalaya. . . 



no geological structure so greatly misunderstood 

 by many English geologists as the Himalaya. In the face of 

 Mr. Medlicott's writings, it is not easy to understand why this is so; 

 and I can only partially account for it by the consideration that, like 

 Darwin, Mr. Medlicott is a difficult writer, who requires following 

 A 2 ( 6l ) 



