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M1DDLEM1SS: PHYSICAL GEOLOGY OF SUB-HIMALAYA. 



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ing country, and towards the plains sup- 

 ports a miscellaneous jungle. A good 

 example of this is seen between Ramnagar 

 and Kalagarh, on the plainward parts of 

 the hills. 



(3) Wherever the dip of the strata is low, io° to 



30° and down hill (which generally coin- 

 cides with a northern aspect), the Sell, tree 

 has flourished far above any other tree. 

 Obviously, however, the coincidence refer- 

 red to in brackets may, after all, be the 

 vital reason. 



(4) All escarpments and sloping country, with 



dips towards the hill, support a miscellane- 

 ous jungle. This may be due, however, to 

 secondary causes, arising partly from the 

 more varied secondary slopes and ridges 

 into which such a structure weathers, and 

 partly because of their facing south. 

 Thus, in a section such as on the margin, 

 we should find the forest disposed as 

 marked : — 



(5) All surface-gravels, dry river-beds, and shin- 



gle islands, which are constantly liable to 

 change, to being washed away and re-made 

 lower down, only support the Khair, the 

 Sissoo or Shisham, and sometimes bam- 

 boos. 

 The country is well watered by four large rivers, 



the Ganges, the RaWanga, the 

 Rivers. __ . _ _ n ° 



Kosi, and the Sarda; and by 



numerous smaller rivers and streams of some im- 

 portance. The RSmganga and the Kosi both rise in the higher 

 Himalayan zone, but their waters are not fed by perennial snow. 

 ( 72 ) 





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