36 MIDDLEMISS: PHYSICAL GEOLOGY OF SUB-HIMALAYA. 



is so frequently seen in the higher Himalaya. I refer to the apparent 

 flattening out of the dips on the hillsides, as contrasted with their 

 steeper dips in the river beds. One more remark may be made with 

 regard to the section. A and B contrast very much in hardness or 

 degree of consolidation, B being much more solid than A; but the 

 same was observed between A' and B' where the section was seen 

 to be absolutely continuous. Probably much of this contrast may be 

 imputed to the loosening of the material on the hillsides, due to perco- 

 lation of rain-water, and a little to the hardening effect of the stream 

 water carying lime in solution. 



Horizontal accumulations of gravels, calcareous tufa, and alluvial 

 clays cover the top of the cliffs on the east bank near the south end 

 of the gadh. Still higher up the stream they form a barrier over 

 which the water pours in a cascade. A confused mass of the tufa in 

 large mis-shapen blocks fills in the stream-bed beneath the barrier. 

 It is of pale grey or dirty white colour, much honeycombed and in 

 appearance twisted like ropy lava. 



These streams show some few deposits of 



Gothna gadh and 



Bhira pani (ii miles calcareous tufa with the Siwalik conglomerate 



further W.) (3) , ., ,. . . , c „, 



beneath dipping at various angles b. W. 



In the higher parts of this stream the conglomerates are horizontal, 



with a wide alluvial flat on the left bank, and 

 Sanani gadh. .• . -. . . 



some deposits of tufa. The latter increase in 



size and thickness towards the mouth of the stream, making many 



very picturesque cascades as the water descends from one level to 



another. About i mile from the mouth there is a great fall into 



a widened basin with clean cut sides, which reveal the Siwalik 



conglomerate dipping at 70 and 8o° S.S.W., and the Recent gravel 



and alluvium, with thick tufa beds, disposed horizontally upon them. 



This is a steep cliff, or escarpment, fronting the plains, about 50 ft. 



in height, and having a mass of calcareous tufa 

 Chuna Khan. (4) f . 6 ... 



deposited in shelves on the edges ot the biwahk 



conglomerate. The latter is inclined at 40 and 70 S.S.W. The 



tufa is largely quarried here for lime. 



( 94 ) 



