COUNTRY BETWEEN THE KOTAH AND PATLI DUNS. 43 



Lakwa) the dips are 15 and io° N.E., that is to say, conforming to 

 the dips in the Tehra (Taila) sot. How the dip in these sots merges 

 into the N.W. dip in the Kosi along this reach cannot be seen, on 

 account of the Recent gravels and the absence of cliff exposures ; 

 but it seems probable that there is first a flattening out towards the 

 river, and then a new inclination N.W. consequent on a crushing 

 at right angles to the axis of the sharp synclinal already mentioned. 



The Kosi river, therefore, in this place is not so much a gorge 

 cut out among the strata as a flat valley, depending for its main as- 

 pect upon the features originally impressed on it when the Siwaliks 

 were disturbed. Higher up stream we shall find it becoming a 

 gorge, and displaying great walls and slopes of rock through which 

 it has eaten its course ; but just here its task has been the simple 

 one of finding a meandering basin among transverse gentle folds. 

 The material forming the Siwalik conglomerate resembles that in 

 the Kotah dun, with perhaps a slightly more marked quantity of the 

 sandy and loamy matrix. Sandy clays are especially abundant near 

 Ringora parao. 



North of Ringora parao the south-easterly dip prevails for some 

 way, and then veers towards the east, and then to N.E. and N.N.E. 

 near Dikoli. The strata have, therefore, finally resumed their 

 normal N.W. or W.N.W. strike, which is also approximately the 

 normal strike of most Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan formations. 



West of the Kosi gravel plateaux, on the right bank of the 

 river, from a point half a mile south of Dikoli down to the latitude 

 of Ramnagar, the country is low and undulating and much cut up 

 into irregular small hills and water-courses. It is a labyrinth of 

 hillocks, which very much resemble sand-dunes. They are deeply 

 covered with jungle of a miscellaneous kind, and have much marshy 

 ground and small lakelets between them. Exposures are rare, but 

 the nature of the soil shows that the Middle Siwalik sand-rock has 

 now come to the surface. A couple of miles west of the Kosi the 

 dips in this set of rocks are, generally speaking, N.N.E., the regular 

 normal Himalayan dip. It is, therefore, very probable that near 



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